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Toxicology > Final Material > Flashcards

Final Material Flashcards

1
Q

Non protein nitrogen

A

Ruminant thing
Ammonia toxicosis- Excess ammonia gets into blood stream
Causes alkaline rumen that causes more absorption of ammonia
Causes neurological signs
Acidify the rumen- give vinegar
Cool rumen temp- slow hydrolysis

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2
Q

Ammoniated feed toxicosis

A

Production of imidazoles that cause seizures
Mix ammonia with sugars
Pass in milk- safe if lactating but bad for males and anyone drinking it

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3
Q

Avermectins

A

Deworming
Never give to turtles
MDR-1 issues get higher levels in brains
Genetically test these animals
Lethargic, ataxic, comatose
Fluids, feeding, -supportive care
Induce vomiting and activated charcoal
Lipid therapy

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4
Q

Barbiturates

A

Euthanized carcasses
Don’t go away
In soil can be dug up and eaten etc

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5
Q

Acetylcholine receptors

A

2 types: muscarinic- slude signs
Nicotinic- jittery

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6
Q

Organophosphate sand carbamates

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors- can’t break down acetylcholine= continual stimulation
Older insecticides
Nicotinic signs, muscarinic signs, and seizures etc
Atropine- give therapeutic dose and if it does something it’s not this.
Causes ileus in horses
2-PAM

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7
Q

Blue green algae

A

Neurotoxin- die within minutes
Theoretically can treat with atropine

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8
Q

Tropane alkaloids

A

Cholinergic antagonist
(Atropine)
Jimson weed, belladonna
Ilieus inc HR, jittery,seizures, dry mouth
phygsostigamine

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9
Q

Muscarinic mushrooms

A

Muscarinic agonist
SLUDDE signs
Atropine

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10
Q

Slaframine

A

Muscarinic agonist
Drooling
Typically horses
Atropine only works before clinical signs
Take away food and fluids

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11
Q

Solanaceous plants

A

Muscarinic agonist
Plant material of like tomatoes, potatoes peppers
SLUDDE signs rare
GI issues

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12
Q

Tobacco which state do they do fine or not so much? Treatment? What not to do?

A

Cholinergic agonists
Hyperactive do fine, depressed not so much
Induce vomiting, charcoal, don’t give anything to increase stomach ph

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13
Q

Poison hemlock what does it cause at low doses? High doses? Treat,ent?

A

Cholinergic agonists
Stim at low dose
Paralysis of receptors at high doses
Same signs and treatment as nicotine

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14
Q

Ionophores

A

Increased feed efficiency of cattle
Never feed to horses
Horse- cardiac effects
Dogs- recumbency
Cats- peripheral neuropathy ataxic lethargic
Poultry- cardiac failure
Supportive care- no treatment

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15
Q

Most toxins do NOT cause intermittent seizures except what 2 toxins?

A
  1. Lead
  2. 1080
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16
Q

Strychnine

A

A pesticide- restricted use rodenticide
Competitive and reversible inhibition of 5e neurotransmitter glycine at the renshaw cell
Causes rigidity- muscles continually contract- having tonic clonic seizures- can’t open the lungs to breathe die of anoxia
Rapid absorption: 10-120 mins
IV fluids, control seizures, IV lipids, keep in quiet calm place

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17
Q

Lipid therapy positives

A

Can hasten recovery time
Can administer via peripheral catheters
Fairly cheap
2 year shelf life

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18
Q

Lipid therapy complications

A

Significant lipidemia
Pancreatitis
Volume overload potential
Can remove antidotes and other therapies

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19
Q

Lipid therapy used on what

A

Marijuana
Ivermectin
Moxidectin
Calcium channel blockers
Local anesthetic
Permethrin
Antidepressant meds
Baclofen

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20
Q

Water hemlock cicuta maculata

A

Violent seizures
Gross in waterways and ditches
Usually too late but if caught early GI decontamination: emesis, rumenotomy, charcoal
Seizure control with barbiturates

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21
Q

Mycotoxins

A

Produced by a fungus
Tremorgenic mycotixins- staggers syndrome
Reduce gaba and glycine concentrations
Clinical signs worsen with stimulation- fine mm tremors of head and neck

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22
Q

What are the grasses associated with tremorgenic mycotoxins

A

Bermuda grass
Dallas grass
Perennial ryegrass

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23
Q

Teemorgenic mycotoxins in small animals

A

Garbage toxicosis
Hyperactivity , tremors, seizures 30-2 hours
Emesis is asymptomatic
Tremor control with methocarbamol skeletal muscles relaxant

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24
Q

Sodium ion toxicosis/ water depravation

A

Increased sodium or dehydration causing hypernatremia
Acute and chronic

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25
Q

Acute hypernatremia

A

Brain gets dehydrated
Cerebral vascular damage

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26
Q

Chronic hypernatremia what’s produced? How do we treat? What do we see microscopically?

A

Na diffuses into brain protect from dehydration due to water loss
Vomiting,lethargy,weakness, ataxia, seizures
Brain protects by producing idiogenic amines (osmols)
Quick rehydration is bad, cerebral edema
Microscopically: eosinophilic cuffs around blood vessels

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27
Q

Treatment for sodium toxicosis

A

Emesis
Do NOT give AC
Benzos for seizures
Acute: bring down Na levels fast
Chronic: slowly drop Na takes 2-3 days

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28
Q

Amphetamines

A

Stimulate alpha and beta adrenergic receptors, dopamine receptor agonists
Readily penetrates blood brain barrier
Signs: agitation, dilated pupils, seizures, bradycardia
ACEPROMAZINE
Avoid benzos
Beta blockers for tachycardia

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29
Q

Serotonergic medications

A

SSRIs: Prozac Paxil lexapro celexa
SNRIs: cymbalta Effexor
MAOI: anapryl
TCA: amitripyline clomipramine

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30
Q

Serotonin syndrome

A

CNS effects, autonomic efffects, neuromuscular effects- if you have signs out of 2 of the 3

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31
Q

Signs associated with serotonin syndrome

A

Ataxia depression tremors vomiting diarrhea seizures clinical blindness

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32
Q

Decontamination of serotonin syndrome

A

Emesis if asymptomatic
Activated charcoal
For agitation: phenothiazines, cryoheptadine, acepromazine

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33
Q

Methylxanthines

A

Chocolate, tea coffees
Caffeine+ theobromine= methylxanthine dose
Vomiting, diarrhea, seizures, hyperactivity
Emesis and charcoal if over lethal dose treat symptoms

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34
Q

Zinc phosphide

A

Rodenticide
Vomiting, tremors, seizures, resp signs
Smells like gas or rotten garlic

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35
Q

Phosphine gas

A

Rapids onset 15 min- 4 hr
No water!!!!
Apomorphine or ropinirole Emesis
Human health concerns

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36
Q

Bromethalin

A

Neurotoxic rodenticide
Converted to desmethylbromethalin in liver
Lipophilic

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37
Q

Bromethalin mechanism of action

A

Uncouples oxidative phosphorylation and ATPis produced and Na/K ATPase pumps are t working and edema is developing in nerves in the brain- bad nerve conduction

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38
Q

Bromethalin toxicity

A

Spongy degeneration of CNS white matter
Guinea pigs can’t desmethylate
Dogs under 16 weeks of age blood brain barrier isn’t in take

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39
Q

Below LD

A

Slow onset 48 hours after ingestion
Ataxia paresis loss of deep pain depressed CNS

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40
Q

Above LD Bromethalin

A

Rapid onset
Tremors , fevers, excitability, seizures, death
Mortality 100%

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41
Q

Bromethalin treatment

A

Supportive care

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42
Q

Pyrethrins and pyrethroids mechanism

A

Bind to nerve cells near sodium channels and slows the channels opening and closing

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43
Q

Low concentration pyrethrins

A

Flea shampoos, sprays and floggers etc.
sprays often contain alcohol
Dermal irritation, paw flicking, ear twitching, salvation with oral ingestion

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44
Q

Concentrated pyrethrins and dogs

A

Hypersensitive disorders- erythema, alopecia
Behavior changes- hyperactivity, hyperesthesia
Bathing resolves it

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45
Q

Concentrated pyrethroids and cats

A

Tremors depression dorooling
Onset 1-24 hours
Usually misapplication of dog treatment in cats
Bathe, thermoregulation
Methocabamol diazepam for seizures
Treated for 1-3 days

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46
Q

Lead absorption

A

Oral tissue or inhalation

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47
Q

Lead kinetics

A

Absorbed lead bound to RBC
Bone- long term storage depot

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48
Q

Macadamia nuts

A

Dogs only
Weakness, depression, vomiting, hyperthermia

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49
Q

Hops

A

Dog only
Hyperthermia-108-110
Cool off- cool IV fluids etc
Dantrolene

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50
Q

Hybrid Sudan grass

A

Cystits- ataxia syndrome horses
Cyanide
Ataxic and dog sit, dribble of urine ruin scald
GI GUninfections
Antibiotics

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51
Q

Widow spiders

A

Muscle cramping by bite first then spread
Painful
Opioids, muscle relaxants

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52
Q

Coral snakes

A

Red on yellow
Paralysis starts in hind end
Stops diaphragm and die of anoxia
Fluids intubate, supportive care

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53
Q

Larkspur

A

Cattle
Recumbent GI issues
Turn animals up hill

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54
Q

Photsensitization

A

Cattle
No liver involvement
Red, open wounds, blisters

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55
Q

Primary sensitization

A

Ingest the compound that causes the problem

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56
Q

Secondary photosenistazagion

A

Liver doesn’t break down chlorophyll correctly
Must check liver values

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57
Q

Photosensitization treatment

A

Get out of sun, antibitoics, don’t feed foods that’ll cause issues

58
Q

Primary photosensitizer plants

A

St. John’s wort
Buckwheat
Smartweed

59
Q

Secondary photsensitization plants

A

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid plants
Lantana
Alsike clover

60
Q

Selenium

A

Essential nutrient
Sorpurces: soils, supplements, some plants

61
Q

Acute selenium toxicosis

A

Depression, anorexia, weak, ataxia, recumbent, garlicky odor to breath

62
Q

Chronic selenium

A

Losing hair from manes and tails
Separation of hooves from body

63
Q

Plants for chronic selenium

A

Astragalus, oonopsis, Stanleya, xylorhiza

64
Q

Petroleum distillates what does it cause? Symptoms? Treatment?

A

Causes defatting and break down of lipids
Dry, cracking, secondary infections
Bathe animal, ventilation, emollient

65
Q

Arsenic

A

Ant poisons, herbicides, pharmaceuticals, wood treatments
Bloody diarrhea and vomiting, rice water diarrhea, hypovolemia and anemia
Fluids, blood, BAL, DMSA
Needs to be there within 2 hours

66
Q

Aspirin

A

Erythema of GI tract, vomiting, stomach ulcers, liver necrosis
Emesis, fluids, GI protectants misoprostal

67
Q

Lectin plants

A

Predatory bean
Castor bean
Black locust

68
Q

Precatory bean

A

Native to tropics- can be on jewelry bought from then
Severe GI signs and multi organ failure

69
Q

Castor bean

A

Contain ricin
If chewed GI signs and organ failure
Warfare agent

70
Q

Black locust

A

Bark
Horses with nothing else to eat
Severe GI and multi organ failure

71
Q

Insoluble calcium oxalale plants

A

Thick shiny green leaves
Deiffenbachia, philodendron, spathiphyllum

72
Q

Insoluble calcium oxalate plants

A

Shoot out crystal needles that hurt
Drool gag oral and GI damage
Give milk anything that contains calcium

73
Q

Buttercup- ranunculus

A

Vesicant- blisters in the mouth
First plants in the spring- horses

74
Q

Diterpenoids what causes it? What are the symptoms? Example

A

In spurges or euphoria
White milky sap
Bloat, colic, v/d
Ex. Poinsettia

75
Q

Bulb plants

A

Daffodil, jonquil, tulip, etc
If leaves maybe vomiting
If bulb itself bloody diarrhea and hypovolemia

76
Q

Trichothecene mycotoxins

A

DON- vomitoxin
Corn,
GI irritation, ulcer, vomiting,
replace feed

77
Q

Expanding adhesives

A

If see isocyanate- foreign body
By 12 hours
Palpate or radiograph
Foreign body removal
GI protectants

78
Q

Corrosive agents- acids

A

Cleaners, anti rust etc
PH of 1 or 2
Coagulation necrosis
Oral pain, salivation, vomiting, and pain, ulcers, hyperthermia
Dilution with milk, pain meds, supportive care.

79
Q

Corrosive agents- alkalis

A

Drain openers, batteries, hair relaxer
High pH 10-12
Liquefaction necrosis nerve destruction- keeps chewing

Oral pain, salivation, vomiting, and pain, ulcers, hyperthermia
Dilution with milk, pain meds, supportive care.

80
Q

Corrosive agents- cationic detergents

A

Disinfectants, sanitizers, hair mousse

Oral pain, salivation, vomiting, and pain, ulcers, hyperthermia
Dilution with milk, pain meds, supportive care.

81
Q

Corrossives DO NOT

A

Neutralize- produces heat
Attempt Emesis will burn
Administer charcoal

82
Q

Cardiac glycosides sources

A

Medications, plants, toads, fireflies

83
Q

Cardiac glycosides what does it cause? Treat with? Antidote?

A

Inhibit NaK ATPase pump in cardiac muscle
- slows down contractions and let’s in more calcium into the cell
Signs: arrhythmia, sudden death, vomiting, hyperkalemia, lethargy
Induce vomiting, AC, no calcium fluids
Antedote- digibind hella expensive

84
Q

Cardiac glycosides causes: medication

A

Digoxin

85
Q

Cardiac glycosides causes: plants

A

Oleander, fox glove, lily of the valley, milkweed

86
Q

Cardiac glycosides causes: toads

A

Bufo toad
Rhinella marina, incilius alvarius
Rinse out the mouth- rinse back of mouth to forward
If are toad, Emesis

87
Q

Cardiac glycosides causes: fireflies

A

Mostly reptiles and amphibians
Typically die before getting to office

88
Q

Grayanotoxins what it causes

A

Bind to sodium channels in the heart
Cause arrhythmias

89
Q

Grayanotoxins plants

A

Rhododendrons, azaleas, laurels, Japanese pieris

90
Q

Grayanotoxins signs

A

Bloat, and pain, arrhythmia, depressed

91
Q

Grayanotoxins treatmnt

A

Decontaminate- emesis, AC
Monitor HR
Supportive care

92
Q

Yew

A

Directly toxic to cardiac myocytes
Arrhythmia and death
Diagnosed with necropsy
Charcoal them, minimize stress

93
Q

White snakeroot

A

Killed Lincoln’s mother
Nursing
Horse cardiac necrosis, arrhythmias, death

94
Q

Avocado

A

Persin
Signs-
Mares cattle rabbits goats- mastitis
Rabbits, birds, goats- arrhythmia and death
Symptomatic and support

95
Q

Gossypol

A

Pigment glands of cotton
ChF
Thumps in pigs

96
Q

Ionophores

A

Horses most susceptible
Myocardial scarring

97
Q

Albuterol

A

Overdose affects beta1 and beta 2
Tachycardia and hypokalemia, weak and wobbly
Propranolol

98
Q

Phenylpropanolamine

A

Used for urinary incontenance in dogs
Hypertension, tachycardia, reflex bradycardia, depressed depends when they bring it in
Piloerection
Emesis
Ace or nitroprusside

99
Q

Paraguat

A

Restrictive pesticide
Oral and dermal burns
Resp signs and pulmonary fibrosis
Caused by free radical formation
Aggressive Emesis lovage AC
Do not administer oxygen

100
Q

Acute bovine pulmonary emphysema and edema

A

Tryptophan- lush pastures and corn
Perilla ketone- purple mint
4-ipomeanol- moldy sweet potatoes

101
Q

Tryptophan

A

Fog fever
Transformed into 3-MI that produces free radicals and kills club cells and type 1 pneumocytes
Dyspnea, afebrile pneumonia
Remove from pasture
Poor prognosis
Ionophores

102
Q

Perilla mint and sweet potatoes moldy

A

Kill off type 1 pneumoctyes

103
Q

Hydrogen sulfide

A

High concentration- paralyzes ability to smell it and Resp center
Animals over manure lagoons
Death

104
Q

Fumonisins

A

Pulmonary edema in pigs

105
Q

Teflon (PTFE)

A

Toxic particles released from nonstick pans upon heating
Pulmonary edema, hemorrhage and death

106
Q

Petroleum distillates causes

A

Aspiration, chemical pneumonitis
Skin sloughing

107
Q

Cyanide

A

Found in fruit pits and seeds or fresh and dried leaves (apples peaches plum)
Turn bright red
Inhibits cytochrome oxidase- tissues can’t use oxygen
Cherry red venous blood, depressed, death
Hydroxycobalamine or sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate

108
Q

Carbon monoxide

A

Carboxyhemoglobin- tissue hypoxia
Also cherry red in color
Treatment: hyperbaric oxygen if available

109
Q

Zinc

A

Vomiting at first
Hemolysis, renal failure,pancreatic necrosis
Diagnosed: royal blue tube
Anemic- blood transfusion, get zinc out

110
Q

Propyl disulfide

A

Onions, garlic, chives, etc
Leads to hemolysis
Discolored urine, tachycardic
Secondary renal failure
Treatment: antioxidants, blood transfusion,

111
Q

Red maple

A

Horses
Pyrogallol does hemolysis
Discolored urine, icteric, kidney failure
Ac, blood transfusion

112
Q

Nitrates and nitrites

A

From plants or fertilizer
Ruminants
Methhemoglobinemia
Chocolate colored mucous membranes, tachypnic , death
Treatment: methylene blue but 180 withdrawal of milk or slaughter

113
Q

Acetaminophen

A

Methemoglbonemia
Hepatic necrosis
N-acetlychsteine

114
Q

Anticoagulant rodenticides what does it do and inhibit? What clotting factors are involved? How do we test it? Terstment?

A

Stops production of clotting factors but inhibiting vitamin k from becoming active
2,7,9,10 clotting factors
Dyspnea, hemorrhage, depends where bleeding occurs
PT test
Horses- PTT
Vitamin K1 with food
Give plasma or blood for clotting factors

115
Q

White and yellow sweet clover in what drug? What species? What does it cause? Treatment?

A

Warfarin
Cattle
In hay
Hemorrhage
Clean feed, vitamin k

116
Q

Copper toxicosis sheep

A

Sensitive in sheep
Hemolysis
Kidneys don’t like free hemoglobin
Gun metal blue kidneys, icterus
Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate

117
Q

Copper toxicosis in dogs what does it cause? How do we treat it?

A

Chronic liver failure
Bedljngton rerrior, websites, skye terriers, Dobermans
D penicillamine, trientine

118
Q

Bracken fern

A

Aplastic anemia in cattle and sheep
Bladder tumors, thiaminase in horses

119
Q

Pit vipers

A

Rattlesnakes, water moccasins, copperheads
Coagulopathy
Swelling, bite site, oozing
Bite in head poor prognosis, bite to limb better
Hypovolemia, hemorrhagic shock
Echinocytes

120
Q

DO NOTs in treating pit viper venom

A

Cold packs, ice, incision, suction, tourniquets, electroshock, alcohol

121
Q

What to do in a pit viper bite

A

Bring animals in
Measure coagulation profile, TPR, measure swelling, antivenins
IgG is antivenin
Tissue destruction and neurotoxins

122
Q

Recluse spiders

A

Necrotic non healing wound

123
Q

Black walnut

A

Causes laminitis in horses

124
Q

Fluoride

A

Small animal- eat toothpaste
Irritant vomiting GI hemorrhage
Cows- affected weak teeth
Adults- too much in bone and increased bone proliferation on long bones

125
Q

Reproductive toxins

A

Abortion, birth defects etc

126
Q

False hellebore

A

Cyclopian lambs if consumed on 14th day of gestation
Born dead or die shortly after birth
Not in labor fast enough

127
Q

Neuromuscular blockade in fetus

A

Fetus can’t move- frozen joints
Tobacco, lupine, poison hemlock

128
Q

Locoweed

A

Crooked joints
Shortened
Swainsonine

129
Q

Fescue

A

Tall grass infected with fungal infection
Cattle and horses
Repro problems

130
Q

4 syndromes of fescue

A

fescue foot
Summer slump
Fat necrosis
Equine agalactia dystocia

131
Q

Fescue mechanism

A

Vasoconstriction

132
Q

Fescue foot signs

A

Hypothermia signs
Feet ears and tails

133
Q

Summer slump

A

Vasoconstriction in summer
Can’t get rid of heat
No weight gain

134
Q

Fescue fat necrosis

A

Vasoconstriction
Necrotic fat n abdomen
GI obstruction

135
Q

Fescue in horses

A

No secretion of prolactin
Not going to go into labor or produce milk
Oversized fetus

136
Q

Fescue prevention or treatment

A

Plant different grasses
Mares- domperidone dopamine compound

137
Q

Nitrates and nitrites

A

Abortion
Methemoglobinemia

138
Q

Isocupressic acid

A

Pine needles
Cattle
abortion but decreasing blood flow to fetus

139
Q

Gossypol with repro

A

Infertility in male ruminants

140
Q

Zearalenone

A

Mycotoxin
Estrogen mimic
Males- atrophy of tests
Females- abortion, fetal resorption

Toxicology (1 decks)

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