final LSD Flashcards
horizontal expansion
addition of semantic features to definitions; makes definition more specific
vertical expansion
child learns the various meanings a given word may have
operational meaning
how it is used in a particular context
metalinguistic phenomnon
the more the child knows about life, the more he knows about language, the more skillfully and completely he will identify the components of the dictionary definitions
chunking
process of placing words into categories based on their semanitic relationships
sytagmatic paradigmatic shift
understand complete sentence but not individual meaning of each word until after 5 yrs
idiom
figurative expression peculiar to a particular language or group of people
proverb
popular wis saying or statement of truth
passive sentence
the noun is not performing the verb
principle of minimal distance
the preceding noun closest to the verb is treated as the subject of the sentence
embedding
sentences wehre the relative pronoun is deleted but understoond (elimination of “that”)
morphophonemic alterations
sound changes that occur when the base morpheme is changes (sign–signature)
morphophonemic alterations related to plurality
/s/ added to unvoiced sounds; /z/ added to voiced sounds
vowel shifting
pronounce– pronunciation
gerunds
change a verb to a noun and add -ing
agentive verb forms
take a verb and make into a “naming noun” (singer)
what is the most dramatic change in language development during the school years
pragmatics (use of language)
allophone
a nondistinctive speech sound change
phoneme
speech sound that is recognized as a specific sound and is different from all other speech sounds
distinctive features
features that differentiate phonemes
phonology
rules that determine how sounds can be sequenced into syllables and words
phonological process approach
designed to describe productions that vary from standard targets
phonological process
rules that children use to make productions easier
how many phonological processes are there?
nearly 40
coalescense
replacement of 2 adjacent phonemes with a single phoneme
epenthesis
addition of a sound
metathesis
transposition of sounds in a word
coarticulation
the influence sounds have on one another in context
babbling drift
child’s babbling drift into adult sounds
discontinuity theory
babbling and true speech are 2 separate stages of development
protoword
a word used consistently with clear intent, but is not a real word (moo moo = cow)
what age is most phonological processes suppressed?
4
phoneme-by-phoneme view of development
designed to establish norms for phonetic acquisition by assessing phonemic abilities of large #s of children within a broad age range
customary production
correct production of a phoneme in 2/3 word positions by 50% of subjects in a given age
mastery
correct production of phoneme in all appropriate word positions by 90% of the subjects at a specific age level
The Behaviorist Theory
selective reinforcement and the role of the child’s caregiver in the acquisition process
Structuralist Theory
meaningful speech involves loss of ability to produce an unlimited variety of sounds and true speech sounds emerge slowly
Natural Phonology Theory
all children are born with the same ser ot phonological processes or rules by which “ohonlogical oppositions” are modified to reflect the natural “restrictions of the human speech capacity”
Prosodic Theory
child’s phonological system matures as a consequence of mastering information in both
cognitive theory
suggests that although all children face the same challenges in mastering the phonological system of their language and they all devise strategies for meeting the challenges, they do not all develop the same strategies
Biological Theory
phonological development can be explained on the basis of biological forces, all children are innately predisposed to produce the same articulatory motor acts
Self-organizing theory
both biological and environment, part of phonological development involves the discover of universal patterns, but the development of a particular language’s phonological system will not be complete until the child also discovers the patterns unique to that language
Dialect
given variety of a language shared by a group of speakers
standard dialect
a variety of a language spoke by people of relatively high status
nonstandard/ vernacular dialect
the indigenous community dimension of language varieties
accent
speech characteristics or variations of SOUNDS
dialect
language variations as well as speech
regional dialects
variety of language used by people used by people living in a restricted geographic area
New England and Northeast Region
/r/ omission, influenced by the sea, new york, new jersey, easter PA
northern and midwest region
PA Ohio, strong german influence
Southern Region
variety of dialects, influece of rural terms, lousiana has french influences
Creolist Theory
AAE is hybrid derived from several African languages and many others
Pidgin language
develops as speakers of a nondominant language accept a few key words from the dominant language
Creole language
when pidgin language becomes the primary language of a group of people
29
of linguistic rules of AAE that differ from Standard English
Social Action Approach
students actually take action to solve problems that are created by cultural differences, used in conjunction with another approach
Contributions Approach
include info on selected heroes and holidays from a range of cultures
additive approach
includ aspects of other cultures into account, not just dominant culture
Transformation Approach
structure the curriculum is fundamentally changed to allow students to understand, appreciate, and value the concepts, issues, events and themes from the perspectives of other cultures
orofacial defects
clefts, defects of the tongue, dental malocclusions
dysarthria
neurogenic motor speech disorders caused by neuromuscular impairments in any part of the nervous system
organic disorders
biological cause
functional
unknown cause, not physical
phonological disorders caused by
structural abnormalities, neuropathologies, functional, structural
conductive hearing loss
outer ear
sensory neural loss
inner ear or cranial nerve
normal hearing in dB
0-24 dB
ID
intellectual disability
must have to diagnose ID
subaverage significant intellegability, existing deficits, IQ of 68 or lower, maladaptive behaviors, manifested during development period
ASD
Autism Spectrum Disorders
5 different ASD
autism, asperger’s, childhood disintegrative disorders, persuasive developmental delay, Rhett’s syndrome
of children diagnosed with autism
1/88
causes of autims
genetic, environment or maybe both, unknown true cause
