Final: Lecutre 22

Question 0

Carnia

Answer 0

• Inside trachea at point of branching of primary bronchi

* Sensitive to irritation, produces cough relfex

Question 1

Trachea

Answer 1

• Pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
• Incomplete cartilaginous rings, trachealis muscles

Question 2

What Bronchi branshings supply the lungs?

Answer 2

•Primary

Question 3

Secondary bronchi branches supply?

Answer 3

•Lobes

Question 4

Tertiary bronchi branches supply?

Answer 4

•Lobules

Question 5

Bronchioles

Answer 5

• Devoid of cartilage, 1mm or less diameter
• Ciliated columnar epithelium–>simple cuboidal–>simple squamous in smaller branches
• Much smooth muscle, terminal and respiratory branches

Question 6

What muscles are used for inspiration?

Answer 6

• Respiratory diaphragm
• External intercostal muscles
• Sternomastoids
• Serratus anterior muscles
• Scalene muscles

Question 7

Expiratory muscles

Answer 7

• Passive at rest

* Forceful expiration: abdominal and internal intercostals

Question 8

Tidal volume

Answer 8

•500 ml, volume of air that is inspired or expired with each breath at rest

Question 9

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 9

•3000ml, volume of air that can be inspired in addition to tidal with forceful inspiration

Question 10

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 10

•1100 ml, additional volume of air that can be expired at end of tidal volume by forceful expiration

Question 11

Residual volume

Answer 11

•1200 ml, volume of air remaining in lungs after forceful expiration

Question 12

Vital capacity

Answer 12

•4600 ml, sum of all volumes that can be inspired or exhaled

Question 13

Total lung capacity

Answer 13

•5800 ml, sum of all the volumes = vital capacity + residual volume

Question 14

Inspiratory capacity

Answer 14

•3500 ml, sum of volumes above resting capacity = tidal volume + inspiratory reserve

Question 15

Functional residual capacity

Answer 15

•2300 ml, sum of volumes below resting capacity = expiratory reserve volume + residual volume

Question 16

Minute ventilation =

Answer 16

•16 breaths/minutes x 500 ml/breath = 8000 ml/min

Question 17

Alveolar Ventilation

Answer 17

• Total volume of gases entering spaces participating in gas exchange per minute
• Breaths per minute x (tidal volume - dead space) = 5600 ml/min

Question 18

Anatomic dead space consist of?

Answer 18

•Trachea, bronchi, and bronchioles

Question 19

Physiological dead space consists of?

Answer 19

• Anatomic dead space + ventilated alveoli with porr or absent perfustion
• Total dead space is .15 L, Respiratory bronchioles + perfused alveoli = .35 L

Question 20

Pleural pressure

Answer 20

• pressure of the fluid between parietal pleura and the visceral pleura
• During inspiration: -5 to -7.5 cm H2O
• During expiration: -7.5 to -5 cm H2O

Question 21

Transpulmonary pressure

Answer 21

• difference between the alveolar pressure and the pleural pressure
• Alveolar during inspiration: 0 to -1 cm H2O, expiration 0 to +1

Question 22

The extent (volume) to which lungs will expand for each unit increase in the transpulmonary pressure is?

Answer 22

• Compliance = increase in volume/ increase in pressure
• expressed in L per cm of water (pressure), normal 200 ml/cm H2O
• Distensibility x Vorig = Vinc/Pinc = Compliance

Question 23

________ is a measure of the tendency of a hollow viscus to recoil toward its original dimensions upon removal of a distending or collapsing force

Answer 23

•Elastance

Question 24

The most important components of surfactant are?

Answer 24

• Dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (a phospholipid)

* Surfactant apoproteins and Ca ions

Question 25

Surfactant is produced by?

Answer 25

•Type II alveolar cells