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Ex Phys > Final (Lectures 8-10) > Flashcards

Final (Lectures 8-10) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 main categories of hormones

A

amine, peptide, steroid

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2
Q

Give 2 peptide hormones

A

insulin, growth hormone

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3
Q

Give 2 amine hormones

A

epinephrine, norepinephrine

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4
Q

Give 2 steroid hormones

A

testosterone, estrogen

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5
Q

What are the 3 primary ways for endocrine gland stimulation

A

hormonal, humoral, neural

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6
Q

What factors influence hormone potency

A

Hormone half-life, binding (carrying) proteins, receptor concentration, receptor affinity, 1st pass effect in the liver, exposure

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7
Q

Endurance trained individuals show ____ rise in growth hormone levels at a given exercise intensity

A

less

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8
Q

What type of training increases the frequency and amplitude of growth hormone secretion

A

resistance training

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9
Q

Are epinephrine and norepinephrine levels higher or lower in trained individuals?

A

Lower

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10
Q

Which organ is cortisol released from

A

adrenal cortex of kidney

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11
Q

True or False: RT in men increases the frequency and amplitude of testosterone secretion, creating a favorable hormonal environment for muscular hypertrophy

A

True

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12
Q

Acute exercise _____ estrogen levels, chronic exercise _____ estrogen levels in women

A

increases; decreases

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13
Q

Under what conditions is testosterone increased

A

high volume training with <1 min rest intervals, heavy RT, activation of large muscle groups

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14
Q

What are two anabolic strategies known to be successful in increasing muscle size and strength

A

progressive resistance training and androgen supplementation

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15
Q

What are some risks of steroid use in men vs women

A

men: decreased sperm count, testicular atrophy, gynecomastia (non-cancerous increase of male breast tissue size)
women: facial hair, voice deepening, menstrual irregularities, clitoral enlargement, decreased breast tissue

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16
Q

How does caffeine improve performance (mechanism)

A

Facilitates use of fat as an exercise fuel instead of using up the body’s limited carbohydrate reserves

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17
Q

What is the proposed direct and indirect mechanisms of caffeine

A

direct: on adipose and peripheral vascular tissues
indirect: by epinephrine which inhibits adenosine receptors on adipocytes –> activates hormone-sensitive lipases to promote lipolysis

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18
Q

Even though caffeine is a potent diuretic, fluid loss is lessened when caffeine is consumed during exercise because:

A

1) catecholamine release in exercise greatly reduces renal blood flow
2) exercise enhances renal solute reabsorption and consequently, water conservation

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19
Q

True or False: Pangamic Acid (B15) increases the cell’s ability to use O2 and reduce lactate build-up

A

False, research has failed to show these purported benefits; illegal to sell

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20
Q

Erythropoietin (EPO) can increase which 2 substances by as much as 12%

A

hemoglobin and hematocrit

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21
Q

In what type of foods is L-carnitine found

A

meat and dairy products

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22
Q

What compound facilitates the influx of long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondrial matrix where they enter beta-oxidation during energy metabolism

A

L-carnitine

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23
Q

What foods does creatine come from

A

meat, poultry, fish

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24
Q

What are 2 main suggested roles of creatine supplementation

A

1) delay depletion of creatine phosphate
2) facilitate muscle relaxation and recovery from repeated bouts of intense, brief effort via faster ATP and CrP resynthesis

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25
Q

What substance completely counteracts the ergogenic effect of muscle creatine loading

A

caffeine

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26
Q

Warm up may improve physical performance due to increases in _____ and muscle and core _______.

A

blood flow; temperature

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27
Q

This type of reaction captures energy from the breakdown of energy-rich fuel molecules

A

catabolic

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28
Q

what are the 3 stages of catabolism

A

1) hydrolysis to simpler building blocks
2) conversion to simple intermediates such as acetyl CoA
3) oxidation of acetyl CoA to CO2

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29
Q

Name the 3 pathways of ATP production

A

phosphagen system
glycolytic metabolism
mitochondrial respiration

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30
Q

which pathway is the fastest way to regenerate ATP

A

phosphagen system (creatine phosphate)

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31
Q

what compound does glycolysis start with and what are the important products

A

begin with glycogen or glucose

products: pyruvate, NADH, ATP

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32
Q

what is the only macronutrient whose stored energy generates ATP anerobically

A

muscle glycogen

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33
Q

Does catabolism of CHO for energy or energy generation from fatty acid breakdown occur faster?

A

catabolism of CHO

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34
Q

What do persons with McArdle’s Disease not produce

A

produce minimal or no lactate with exercise

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35
Q

What deficiency do persons with McArdle’s Disease have

A

myophosphorylase deficiency

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36
Q

Where is 90% of glucose formed? 10%?

A

90%: liver 10%: kidneys

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37
Q

True or False: Glucose can be formed in the muscles

A

False; muscle lacks a few enzymes required for gluconeogenesis (pyruvate carboxylase, glucose 6-phosphate)

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38
Q

What are the main products of mitochondrial respiration

A

ATP, CO2, NADH, FADH

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39
Q

The production of ATP and water during the electron transport chain is called

A

oxidative phosphorylation

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40
Q

Approximately how many ATP molecules does one 6-carbon glucose yield

A

36 ATP

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41
Q

The breakdown of triacylglycerols by lipases to form glycerol and FFA

A

lipolysis

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42
Q

What is the process of breaking down FFA called

A

Beta oxidation

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43
Q

Approximately how many ATP molecules are generated from beta oxidation

A

460 ATP

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44
Q

What are the main amino acids oxidized in skeletal muscle

A

isoleucine, leucine, valine, glutamine, glutamate

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45
Q

The release of lactate from muscle into the circulation for uptake by the liver and conversion to glucose

A

Cori cycle

46
Q

The release of alanine from the muscle into the circulation for uptake by the liver and conversion to glucose

A

Alanine cycle

47
Q

The process of combining smaller molecules to form larger molecules using free energy

A

anabolism

48
Q

What is the conversion of carbohydrates to fat called?

A

De Novo Lipogenesis

49
Q

Where does De Novo Lipogenesis occur (organ) ?

A

Liver

50
Q

True or False: Many studies have shown that net DNL is absent or contributes very little to overall fat deposition

A

True

51
Q

Excess CHO causes ____ of body fat, despite not being ____ to fat

A

accumulation; converted

52
Q

Can fat be converted into carbohydrates in humans?

A

No; we only have a pathway to convert carbohydrates to fat but not vice versa

53
Q

What substrate do we utilize predominantly during low-intensity exercise?

A

lipid

54
Q

What substrate do we utilize predominantly during increased exercise intensity?

A

CHO

55
Q

When CHO becomes low, which substrates do we increase utilization of?

A

AAs and lipids

56
Q

What is the Scandanavian regimen for CHO ingestion before exercise? What is the proposed purpose?

A

taper CHO wk before event –> 3 days before event increase CHO 10% –> no training day before event –> eat final meal 3 hrs before event

purpose: maximize glycogen stores in the body after “depriving” body of CHO during tapering phase

57
Q

Which is true: 1) CHO in a drink increases the absorption of H2O by the small intestine 2) A drink’s electrolyte content increases CHO delivery to the body

A

1) CHO in a drink increases the absorption of H2O by the small intestine

58
Q

Which is more beneficial in increasing blood glucose levels during and after exercise, solid or liquid CHO?

A

both are equally beneficial

59
Q

How is protein in CHO beverage after exercise beneficial?

A

increases the rate of muscle glycogen synthesis

60
Q

The inability to continue movement or exercise at a given intensity

A

Fatigue

61
Q

The fatigue response does not occur until creatine phosphate declines to ___ of its original concentration

A

less than 50%

62
Q

ATP concentrations remain steady or decline minimally during intense exercise to muscular fatigue. However, ADP ___ and CrP ____.

A

increases; decreases

63
Q

Muscle fibers that are low in glycogen have greater concentration of ____ _____, which indicates increased metabolic strain

A

inosine monophosphate (IMP)

64
Q

What metabolites increase as muscle metabolism increases and may be implicated in the development of fatigue?

A

ammonia, lactate, free protons (H+), Pi, ADP, IMP

65
Q

True or False: Increased acidosis elicits a systemic response with increased ventilation and feelings of nausea that may contribute to fatigue via central mechanisms

A

True

66
Q

What factors contribute to the reduced ability to depolarize and repolarize with repeated intense and rapid contraction?

A
  1. efflux of K+ (impairs ATPases necessary to restore Ca2+)
  2. the negativity of lactate
  3. diminished neuromuscular function
67
Q

True or False: triglyceride utilization probably does not contribute to fatigue

A

True

68
Q

What are the 4 stressors associated with exercise

A

Physiological, environmental, social/psychological, artificial (lab)

69
Q

hormonal regulation of fuel use in exercise; regulation of body fluids during exercise; tissue adaptation to exercise

A

exercise endocrinology

70
Q

cortisol increases or decreases during acute exercise

A

increases

71
Q

may decrease protein loss during stress by inhibiting protein catabolism

A

HMB; some studies show positive effects, others show no effects

72
Q

what does blood doping do

A

increases RBC count and hemoglobin levels by as much as 8-20%

73
Q

what type of cells is L-carnitine found in

A

muscle cells

74
Q

which energy system is crucial to the muscle’s ability to tolerate increased metabolic demand?

A

phosphagen system

75
Q

at what intensity is there complete dependence on CHO catabolism

A

60-85% of VO2 Max

76
Q

where are FFA molecules primarily taken from

A

the blood

77
Q

does most of our body’s fat come from synthesis or diet?

A

diet

78
Q

the energy provided by creatine phosphate and glycolysis that supplements mitochondrial respiration

A

oxygen deficit

79
Q

accumulation of acidosis or lactate relates most to muscle and systemic symptoms of fatigue

A

accumulation of acidosis

80
Q

what are 7 potential fatigue factors

A

hyperthermia, dehydration, muscle damage, CNS, electrolyte imbalances, decreased muscle glycogen, hypoglycemia

81
Q

what are the 3 types of granulocytes

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

82
Q

what are the 3 types of lymphocytes

A

T cells, NK cells, B cells

83
Q

the study of the interactions of physical, environmental, and psychological factors on immune function

A

exercise immunology

84
Q

what are the physiological stressors associated with exercise

A

increased oxygen demand, glucose & lipid consumption, lactate production, physical load on musculoskeletal system

85
Q

what are the environmental stressors associated with exercise

A

temperature, pressure, humidity, circadian/seasonal variation, pollution

86
Q

what are the social/psychological stressors associated with exercise

A

personal achievement, competition, parental/peer pressure, financial consequence

87
Q

what are the artificial (lab) stressors associated with exercise

A

electrical shock, unnatural activity, compulsory participation

88
Q

epinephrine increases or decreases with intensity

A

increases

89
Q

what is the connection between epinephrine and cytotoxic T and NK cells

A

Epi is a potent beta-2 adrenergic agonist; cytotoxic T and NK cells have high numbers of beta-2 adrenergic receptors

90
Q

how long does cortisol remain elevated after exercise

A

2 or more hours

91
Q

what cell action does cortisol inhibit

A

inhibits T cell proliferation

92
Q

what type of cell number increases with cortisol

A

increases neutrophil number

93
Q

how much do leukocytes increase up to immediately post-exercise

A

increase 50-100%

94
Q

how much do NK cells increase immediately post-exercise

A

150-300%

95
Q

these cells are the initial line of defense against acute and chronic infections

A

natural killer cells

96
Q

which antigenic markers do NK cells specifically express

A

CD16, CD56

97
Q

who tend to have higher NK cell activity at rest

A

athletes than non-athletes

98
Q

after long duration exercise (marathon running), NK cell concentration drops below pre-exercise levels, persisting 2-4 post-exercise

A

open window hypothesis

99
Q

what is the j-curve and risk of upper respiratory tract infection

A

sedentary people have an average risk for getting sick, the moderate exerciser has a lower risk for getting sick, very high exercises have a very high risk for getting sick

100
Q

does aerobic exercise or resistance training affect immune function

A

aerobic exercise

101
Q

a systemic skeletal disease characterized by low bone mass and microarchitectural changes resulting in fractures

A

osteoporosis

102
Q

what are the types of osteoporosis

A

type 1: post menopausal (loss of trabecular bone)

type 2: senile (loss of cortical and trabecular bone)

103
Q

risk factors of osteoporosis

A

race: caucasian, asian

family history

female, fair, small boned, short stature, lean

sedentary life-style, immobilization, alcohol use, smoking

lack of calcium and vitamin D

estrogen and androgen deficiency

med use: glucocorticoids, anticonvulsants, excess thyroids

other chronic diseases: diabetes, RA

104
Q

by what age is peak bone mass achieved

A

age 30

105
Q

how much of bone mass is created by puberty

A

70%

106
Q

what are the most common sites for fractures

A

spine, hip, wrist, ribs

107
Q

with osteoporosis, the rate of ____ exceeds the rate of _____

A

resorption, formation

108
Q

how much bone is loss every year after menopause

A

1-1.5%

109
Q

what are estrogen’s actions to prevent osteoporosis

A

increases calcitonin levels, inhibiting resorption

inhibits parathyroid hormone

inhibits IL-6 which activates osteoclasts

110
Q

the greatest osteogenic response

A

high strains, short duration, site- specific, daily repetitions

Ex Phys (2 decks)

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