Final Lecture Notes Flashcards
1
Q
Spartan kings
A
two hereditary commanders-in-chief, come from Argiads and Eurypontids
2
Q
ephors
A
five annually elected and term-limited administrators; both kings are often leading armies abroad so ephors tend to deal with state affairs
3
Q
gerousia
A
council of 28 old men from aristocratic families
4
Q
apella
A
assembly of all Spartan males, which elected ephors and ratified items of policy
5
Q
Spartiatai/Lakedaimonoi/homoioi
A
citizens with political rights in Sparta (those who lived in the astus of Laconia and Messenia)
6
Q
perioikoi
A
inhabitants of semi-autonomous poleis
7
Q
helots
A
forced Spartan sharecroppers
8
Q
Spartan disenfranchised
A
perioikoi, helots, “inferiors”, “tremblers” (deserters), freed helots, women
9
Q
Spartan militarism
A
- adult men of fighting age can and will fight on behalf of Sparta; think it the best possible thing to fight and die on behalf of one’s country
- education system reared children in a communal mess similar to barracks, where unit consensus are built amongst children of similar age through military training
10
Q
Laconic conservatism
A
- institutions don’t change, not very much social change, very traditionalist
- only say what one needs to, restrain one’s speech
11
Q
Plutarch on Spartan society - Sayings of Spartan Women
A
- male children are either expected to die for country or win
- children are soldiers first; brothers will take up burden of sons
12
Q
Xenophon on Spartan society - Constitution of the Spartans
A
- women should train alongside young boys; if both parents are strong, their children would also be strong (does not mean proper education or rights)
- young wives can be wed both to older men for alliances and younger men for childbearing (bigamy)
13
Q
Plutarch on Spartan society - Life of Lycurgus
A
- Spartan wedding custom where men would leave barracks and seize women
- women would dress up as men to make it easier
14
Q
Aristotle on Spartan society - Politics
A
- hyper-militarist society means men are dying at higher rate than women; lots of property ends up in hands of women because families run out of male heirs
15
Q
pros and cons of Spartan constitution
A
pros:
- gerousia acts as “ballast between tyranny and democracy” (fear of monarchs and mob rule)
- has bits of monarchy, democracy, and oligarchy
cons:
- kings are chosen on blood, not capability
- gerousia being based on age and being an elected office means that individuals are often corrupt, ambitious, or losing mental capacity
16
Q
Draco
A
- lawmaker who is not well remembered; name becomes the basis of “draconian”
- almost every crime resulted in execution of perpetrator, likely due to the need of an extreme deterrent
- Solon almost immediately repeals all of Drakon’s laws, with the exception of homicide
17
Q
Solon
A
- archon of Athens starting in 594/3 BC
- abolishes debt bondage; hated by elites
- divides the citizenry into four classes based on property; first three all hold property and can hold office, bottom one (thetes) cannot but allows for upward mobility
18
Q
Aristotle on Solon - Politics
A
- Solon didn’t really establish democracy except for in law courts; voting on archons is still limited to the elites
- argues that when the enforcement of law is given over to the demos, it recedes institutions to where the entire state becomes democratically tyrannical
- doesn’t blame Solon; gives people enough power while keeping some offices in the hands of the agathoi
19
Q
Peisistratus
A
- tyrant of Athens on three separate occasions (561/0 BC, 557/6 BC, 546-528/7 BC)
- more-democratic aristocrat who is kicked out by elites the first time and takes it back by pretending the god Athena backed his tyranny
- third reign is golden age where he keeps people working in the chora and cedes democratic rights, but everyone is comfortable; does whatever he wants
20
Q
assassination of Hipparchus
A
- end of tyranny in Athens
- occurs because assassin’s family was shamed by brother of Hippias after rejecting him as lover
- does not occur because of popular dissatisfaction
21
Q
Cleisthenes
A
archon of Athens who returned on Hippias’ exile from the Spartans; created the ten tribes of Athens and gives them Attic names
22
Q
demokratia
A
power of the people (demos)
23
Q
demos/politai
A
citizenry; adult male Athenians
24
Q
demoi
A
139 demes; mini-democracies led by demarchs (ex. municipal government)
25
trittyes
30 "thirds", either urban, rural, or coastal
26
phylai
10 "tribes"; each made up of 3 trittyes
27
Athenian disenfranchised
metics, women, slaves
28
ekklesia
assembly consisting of every male citizen; where items of policy were debated, ratified, or amended
29
boule
500 person council (50 per tribe) for administration and setting policy
30
archontes
archons; 10 executive officers elected and eventually chosen by lot, one-year appointment and term-limited
31
strategoi
10 commanders-in-chief elected by the ekklesia without term limit
32
isonomia
equality before the nomoi (law)
33
isegoria/parrhesia
freedom of speech; specifically the ability to have anyone speak at assembly (isegoria) and speak without fear of retribution (parrhesia)
34
hetaireiai
private association; coalition of individuals that want to assert will over actions of democracy, closer to a faction than a lobby
35
Areopagus
used to be an aristocratic council that set policies and vetted people for archonship; lost lots of powers during rule of Cleisthenes and only maintained right to adjudicate homicide trials
36
Ionian revolution
- Ionian cities are doing quite well in the initial stages of Persian rule; local elites are able to be put into power
- breadth of Persian Empire allows for movement of ideas over vast geographical distances, such as geometry, geography, and cosmography
- also known as pre-socratic revolution; competing approaches of rhetoric vs. wisdom
37
Milesians vs. Ephesians
Miletus (Thales, Anaximander)
- believed basis of all things to be water; universe in constant flux
Ephesus (Heraclitus)
- cosmic fire at heart of everything
38
Xenophanes of Colophon
writes about how people perceive the divine as similar to themselves; reflects possible mindset that are gods are the same and argues not to fixate on figureheads of divinity
39
Pythagoras
famous Ionian known for theorems and philosophy
40
Ionian Revolt
- 499 - Miletus, led by Aristagoras, tries to help the elite of Naxos after being kicked out in a popular revolt, but after losing, is unable to pay his debts and instead starts independence movement; Persian governor Artaphernes is removed from power and Mardonius comes in to clean up
- 498 - fellow "Ionians" (Eritrea and Athens) aid revolt; sack Sardis
- 494 - Ionians defeated in Battle of Lade and Miletus destroyed in retribution
- 490 - Persian forces, aided by deposed tyrant Hippias, land at Marathon to punish Athenians for assisting the Ionians
41
Darius I
king of Persia from 522 - 486; loses at Marathon
42
Xerxes I
king of Persia from 486 - 465 (majority of Persian War)
43
Battle of Marathon
- battle between Athens and Persia in 490 BC
- Athenians warned of invasion by messenger who ran from Aegean coast to Athens (first marathon)
- Athenian victory viewed as divine intervention; miracle victory
- Persia does not take loss at Marathon lying down; doubles down to prepare for proper invasion under reign of Xerxes I
44
Battle of Thermopylae
- battle between Spartans (King Leonidas and 300 men, alongside Theban defectors) and Persians at Thermopylae pass along the northern mountains; rest of Greek world stays out because it is the Olympics
- manage to hold off Persians for a long time until a soldier betrays them, allowing Persians to circle the Spartans and slaughter them
45
destruction of Athens
- Athenians flee city using navy commissioned by strategos Themistocles; no hope of victory on land so flee to Salamis and Aegina to wait out Persians and fight them at sea (Persian navy still weakened by Ionian revolt)
- Athenian army built as people flee; believe fighting for something greater than themselves (democracy)
46
Battle of Salamis
- battle between Greek city-states (led by Athens) and Persia at sea in 480 BC
- Greeks win; known for being instance of female naval commander Artemisia of Caria crashing into Persians own ships
- Persian fleet destroyed; no longer have escape route across Aegean Sea
47
Battle of Palatea
- battle between Spartans (led by regent Pausanias of the son of Leonidas) and Persians in 476 BC
- last land defeat for Persians, pairs with Battle of Mycale at sea in 479
48
consequences of Persian War
- Spartans question Athenian loyalty after they suggest negotiating with Persians
- Athens traumatized by destruction of their city; visceral anti-Persian sentiment occurs for years after
- some make argument that Athenian navy saved Greek world; gets to heads of Athens
49
medizing
- showing affiliation with the Medes (Persian ethnic group); becomes way to politically villainize someone by associating them with big bad
- lots of motivation to align with Persians: monetary gifts, supply military force when necessary
50
ostracism
- Athenian practice of nominating and voting on expulsion of people from the democracy
- targets primarily elites and becomes vehicle to remove opposition from power
- Themistocles ostracized and eventually goes to Salamis, providing his mediation ex post facto
51
serpent column
- column given to the gods after the Battle of Palatea; had the name of all the Greeks in the battle on it but special role reserved for Spartan general Pausanias
- very Persian in nature
- substantiation of the pan-Hellenic feeling in the end days of the Persian War
52
Long Walls of Athens
- large fortification around Athens' urban center stretching to Piraeus
- hated by Spartans, saw it as "unbecoming of a Greek world"
- Themistocles rushes the construction before the Spartan negotiating party arrives, agreeing with their terms but argue he can't tear down a wall they already built
53
Delian League
- alliance established by Athens in 477; unites Greek cities against Persian aggression and with hope of restoring freedom to Ionian cities
- capital of Delos (hence name); regular meetings between constituent members (pseudo-democracy)
- participant members either have to provide number of ships on an annual basis or amount of silver in coin; most states favor financial decision while Athens favors navy
54
Battle of the Eurymedon
- battle between Delian League and Persia in 460s
- devastating loss for Persians; leads Athens to claim territory in Egypt but doesn't go well, still shows presence and power
55
Peace of Callias
- 448; Delian League negotiates peace with Persians
- Persia cedes Aegean, Ionian, and Thracian cities to Greek-speaking peoples
- Delian League had now served its purpose but doesn't disband; tribute continues to Athens
56
Thucydides on early Delian League
- lots of allies were willing to work with the Athenians (victors at Salamis and not in pocket of Persians like Spartan general Pausanias); also a better strategic ally (navy easier to maneuver)
- all allies were initially autonomous not imperial subjects
- angry that he is the only historian covering this period of the Delian League, wonders why this is
57
Spartan helot revolt
- mid-460s; Sparta requests help from Athens to help quell a helot revolt
- Athenian soldiers were bold with revolutionary spirit; Sparta dismisses battalion and Athens breaks the alliance with Sparta (Athens were radicals, Spartans were conservatives)
- start of fallout between Sparta and Athens
58
Ephialtes
- institutes a series of reforms neutering the Areopagus during Spartan helot revolt
- marks a period of factions through war with Cimon
59
phoros
tribute
60
aparchai
- what one gives to the gods as tribute; faction of phoros becomes appropriated for tribute to Athena
- forces religious obligation to patron deity (further establishes Athenian control over cities)
- money goes into temple vaults, which is used to beautify Athens itself and pay off priests, something Athens would usually be responsible
61
hellenotamiai
"accountants for Greece"; appointed Athenian officers to determine how much tribute was necessary from each participating member
62
cleruchy
- garrisons/colonies/bodies of Athenian citizenry stationed throughout the Delian states, different from apoikia
- main colonists were thetes and zeugitai, thetes were allowed to ascend to zeugitai
- colonists stayed Athenians; keeps colonies under Athenian control and extends it to peripheries of empire
63
revolt of Thasos
- 463 BC; island of Thasos tries to break free of Delian control (asks for Spartan help but occupied with Spartan revolt)
- after 3 years of siege, Thasos comes to terms, demolishing their walls and hands over their ships; Athens takes control of Thracian mines and establishes colony at Amphipolis
- first instance of Athens using power to conquer and subjugate allies, no longer a voluntary alliance
64
Pericles' reforms
- sends people out to cleruchies by offering them cultural pleasures, keeping him popular
- provides training and pay for citizens to work trieremes
- changes citizenship requirements to be both parents of a person must be citizens in order to have citizenship; people are having half-Athenian children with people cleruchies (Athenian citizenship now matters, no longer open)
65
the Parthenon
- during Persian sack of Athens, destroyed temple on Acropolis; led to rebuilding as the Parthenon with the central temple dedicated to Athena
- Parthenon becomes central location of Athens' religious culture and location of Delian League treasury -- huge amount of wealth sitting in vaults that Athens can draw upon whenever
- constructed of marble (natural Athens resource, shows prestige of Athens)
- testament to continual victory of Athenians over others
66
Athenian material culture
- transition to red-figure pottery as a main export but continue black-figure pottery, become major distributors of both (overtake Corinth); uses natural clay of Attica
- Perserschutt - German collection of Persian objects that had to be recollected when Athenians took back control of the city
67
Athenian drama
- key locations: Odion, Theater of Dionysus
- held competitions amongst members of Athens (tragedians); main ones that survive the longest are Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides
- not just for theater -- would have processions for children orphaned by war, and began with acknowledgement of empire
- very political (especially the comedies); dramas were based around conflict between servitude to family or polis/community
68
sophists
people who can convince that a worse thing is better through persuasion, commonly seen in demagogues
69
rhetoric in the democracy
- became key to democracy through efficiency; necessary tool to make people do the right thing
- rhetoric becomes key in law courts since there are no lawyers, have to represent yourself (speech writing becomes highly lucrative business)
70
Socrates
- philosopher and orator; no writings of his survive but live on through works of Plato and Xenophon (students)
- writes on abstract concepts (love, forms of government, the cosmos, ideal society) or taking down sophists
71
Kallipolis
Socrates' "ideal" city; very anti-democratic (communist society where the "best" are chosen from birth to rule and learn)
72
elenchos
cross-examination; style of Socrates' arguments, a back and forth
73
Aristophanes on Socrates - Clouds
- Socrates is divorced from reality with unpractical aims
- philosophers and sophists are often one and the same, the distinction is that philosophers don't provide anything to the people (ex. sophists can get you out of debt)
74
trial and death of Socrates
- Socrates is accused of corrupting the youth with anti-democratic ideas and refusing to recognize the gods of the state
- not well liked in Athenian society -- obnoxious, combative, alienating -- Socrates argues this is the only reason he's being charged
- sees sophists as the real problem -- doing the same thing he is, and for pay
- sentenced to death but doesn't back down from principles; criticizes the standard Athenian life and values in Plato's Apology, argues his life is of more value because he was not a slave to the system
75
ta idia
private wealth
76
foreigners in Athens
- start appearing in the years before the Peloponnesian War in greater numbers due to economic prosperity in Athens; attracts overseas commerce and eventual permanent residents
- two main types: metics and xenoi (outright foreigners)
77
eranoi
form of loan between nobles; creates an embedded economy reliant on a restricted network of aristocratic trust
78
kleros
"intergenerational wealth": being passed on patrilineally in Athenian imperial age through landed property and physical currency
79
leitourgiai
"liturgy"; practice of aristocrats financially providing for the good of the people; expected they would make donations and was done willingly (easy kleos, aided political image, showed status)
80
erastes and eromenos
- erastes is active partner, eromenos is passive partner; more masculine to be active partner (dominating)
- prescribed corner of social life where homosexuality was tolerated
- social norm reflected in depiction of enemy -- Persians depicted as passive, submissive
81
First Peloponnesian War
- 459-446/5; war between Corinth and Megara where each go to their ally (Sparta and Athens, respectively)
- ends in pseudo-stalemate, nothing changes, and Thirty' Years Peace (non-aggression pact between Athens and Sparta)
82
Corcyra conflict
- Corcyra, a colony of Corinth, had its own colony on the Illyrian coast; the colony called for Corcyra's help, but upon refusal, went to Corinth, who agreed
- Corcyra saw Corinth as interfering with their colony, but Corinth believes it's their colony -- Corinth sends ships, and Corcyra joins Delian League in desperation and Athens sends their own ships
- both sides stay out of the war until Corcyra's forces falter; leads Athens to directly intervene and attack Corinthian ships
- treaty at end of conflict draws a line -- if Peloponnesians sailed against Corcyra or any part of their territory, Athens would attack (recognizes territorial claims of Corcyra in ways not other recognize and deems them part of Delian League)
83
Potidaea conflict
- Potidaea tries to leave the Delian League and is aided by Corinthian soldiers, but Athens immediately takes and razes the city, viciously bringing them back in line
- both Athens and Corinth had complaints (both saw other as impetus); all-out war avoided because Corinth was independent of the Peloponnesian League
84
Pericles' Funeral Oration
- takes opportunity to make a speech about Athens; doesn't think there is anything else he can say for these soldiers and would only sully their honor
- key themes: Athenian superiority/exceptionalism ("education to Greece"), value of democracy, anti-Sparta, arrogance and optimism, inability to see structural failures of empire
- tells families and wives to not mourn
85
plague of Athens
- 430/29 BC, comes into Athens from part of Egypt or eastern Mediterranean (weakness to Athens through pathogen)
- overcrowding of people from Spartan land campaigns pushing them to forwards speeds up infection
- many die, including Pericles
86
Mytilenean Revolt
- 428/7 BC; revolt on city on Mytilene in Lesbos where cities want to leave the Delian League
- debate in Athens ensues -- Cleon wants to exterminate the whole city, Diodotus wants to only deal with direct offenders, but Cleon wins debate
- Athenians almost immediately go back on their argument, send new ships to change orders and spare women and children
- Cleon sees this as inherent weakness of Athenian system; considers democracy weak for going back on their word, can only solve issue by putting him in premiere executive power (cut the red tape, get it done now)
87
Battles of Amphipolis
- 424-423 -- Sparta captures the city of Amphipolis, leading Thucydides to be sent to recapture the city but fails horribly, exiled
- 422 -- Cleon leads his own army to Amphipolis, fights against Spartan king Brasidas and both die
- leads to Peace of Nicias with both major leaders dead
88
Peace of Nicias
- establishes 50 years of peace between Sparta and Athens (only lasts 7)
- territory swap (Pylos returns to Sparta, Amphipolis returns to Athens)
- cities who paid tribute to Athens will continue to but are allowed to leave the Delian League without Athenian interference; have control of their own governments and identity but still pay Athens (keeps imperial war machine going)
89
Sicilian Expedition
- 415-413; part of ploy by politician and general Alcibiades to gain power and wealth for himself to fund his own failing oikos; tries to conquer the entire island of Sicily
- fundamentally misunderstand the strength and size of Sicily, get absolutely slaughtered trying to invade Syracuse (pushed to midlands where barbarians tear them apart)
- bursting bubble moment; allies are more emboldened to leave the Delian League seeing Athens as unchecked imperialists that can be beaten
- Alcibiades exiled
90
Perso-Spartan Alliance
- 412; gives Sparta huge resource supplier and dramatically shifts geopolitical status of city
- Athens had tried to work with them (fearful for survival), but conditions of restoring Alcibiades (now working for Persians) and changing government were difficult; still amend constitution and become more oligarchal
91
Aegosopotami
- 405; naval battle at Hellespont that cuts off Athens' grain supply, starves them out from their walls
- leads to Athenian surrender in 404 BC, where Lysander takes down the walls of Athens, dissolves the Delian League, and installs a 30-person oligarchy
92
Thirty Tyrants
- initially a board of thirty tasked with changing the Athenian government into an oligarchy, later turned into the oligarchy
- given large chunks of money in exchange for new government; not very good at ruling (repeatedly bailed out by Sparta/Lysander)
- use trials and executions to maintain power
- power ended with revolution led by Thrasybulus, a trierarch in the Athenian navy, in 403
93
Corinthian War
- war between Sparta and Thebes/Corinth/Athens alliance (396 - 386)
- hoping to get rid of Spartan influence; war ends when Persia steps in and creates stalemate through the King's Peace
94
King's Peace
- 387 peace treaty for the Corinthian War created by the Persian King Artaxerxes II
- sends the Ionian cities back to Persia and threatens direct war with any who do not comply -- all do
95
Second Athenian League
weaker, less tyrannical form of the Delian League fighting against Spartan/Persian influence
96
Boeotian League
formed in 371 BC by Thebes, own version of Delian League, overthrows Spartan power with Battle of Leuctra
97
Battle of Mantinea
362 battle between Macedon and Thebes; Theban hegemony falls
98
Aegean Social War
- 357-355 Athenian civil war where allies rise up against city; Macedon sides with the allies and gains Amphipolis
99
Third Sacred War
- 356-346 war between Amphictyonic League (league of sacred cities, backed by Philip) and Phocis (backed by Athens/Sparta)
- Greeks try to stick it to Thebes but lose to Philip II
- Philip becomes archon of Thessaly, steward of Delphi, and has taken large chunks of northern territory
100
Battle of Chaeronea
- 338 battle between united Greek force and Macedon -- last stand
- Philip reorganizes Greek cities into League of Corinth, of which he is the leader
101
Sacred Band
~300 Theban warriors made up of lovers and beloveds; elite fighting force that all dies in the fall of Thebes in 335 BC
102
Isocrates
- famous orator, student of Gorgias
- strong proponent of panhellenism and supporter of Phillip (sees his conquest as means of panhellenism)
103
Demosthenes
- famous orator known for prosecuting sycophants
- anti-Philip and Macedon; leads to his death
104
"liberating the Greeks"
method for kings and empires to take over Greece under the pretense of "saving them" from an oppressor, then becoming an oppressor themselves
105
Roman Greece
- Rome sees Greece as a progenitor to their own culture and take it as their own (Greek becomes second language, Greek art objects are stolen/become Roman style)
- Emperor Hadrian builds brand new wing of Athens
- leaves most cities to their own devices (government has worked for a long time, why change); some get exemptions from taxation
