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A&P Lab 112 > Final lab study guide > Flashcards

Final lab study guide Flashcards

1
Q

Describe each of the events of the cardiac cycle in sequence and how they relate to the systole and diastole phases.

A
  • Ventricular filling (mid-to-late diastole): ventricular filling, atrial contraction
  • Ventricular systole (atria in diastole): isovolumetric contraction phase, ventricular ejection phase
  • Early diastole: isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular filling
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2
Q

What is the general procedure for measuring blood pressure?

A

• Ausculatory method
o – brachial artery is compresses by a sphygmomanometer (inflatable BP cuff)
o - turbulent blood flow listened to with stethoscope.
o – silence indicates blood is back to normal flow

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3
Q

What is the names of the instruments used to measure blood pressure?

A
  • Sphygmomanometer

* Stethoscope

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4
Q

What does each number in a blood pressure reading mean (ex: 116/64)?

A

Systole: Left ventricle contraction (peak pressure) / diastole: left ventricle relaxation (least pressure)

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5
Q

What is considered High and low for blood pressure?

A

Low: Anything below 90/60
High: anything above 140/90

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6
Q

What is pulse pressure?

A

It’s the difference systolic and diastolic pressures and the throbbing that pulasates in an artery

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7
Q

How is pulse pressure affected by arteriosclerosis?

A

It increases the systolic pressure so the overall pulse pressure will go up

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8
Q

How does pulse pressure change with distance from the heart?

A

The further away from the heart the lower the pressure

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9
Q

How do you calculate pulse pressure from a given blood pressure?

A

Pulse pressure = systolic pressure- diastolic pressure

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10
Q

What is Mean Arterial Pressure (MAP)?

A

The pressure that propels the blood through the arteries

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11
Q

How does Mean Arterial Pressure change with the distance from the heart?

A

The pressure decreases

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12
Q

How do you calculate MAP from a given blood pressure?

A

MAP = Diastolic pressure + (pulse pressure/3)

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13
Q

What factors lower a person’s blood pressure?

A
  • Bleeding

* dehydration

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14
Q

What is the procedure for observing heart sounds?

A
    • aortic semilunar valve: 2nd intercostal space at right sternal margin
    • pulmonary semilunar valve: 2nd intercostal space at left sternal margin
    • mitral valve over heart apex: 5th intercostal space in line with middle of clavicle
    • tricuspid valve: Right sternal margin of 5th intercostal space
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15
Q

How does body position and exercise affect a person’s heart rate?

A
  • Sitting or lying down: heart rate is lower as at rest

* Excercising increases the heart rate

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16
Q

Explain each of the components of lung capacity, what each component measures, and an approximate normal value for each.

A

Tidal volume: amount inhaled or exhaled during quiet breathing (500ml)
Inspiratory reserve volume: amount of air forcibly inhaled after a normal TV (3100 ml)
Expiratory reserve volume: amount of air forcibly exhaled after normal TV (1200 ml)
Residual volume: amount of air left in lungs after forced exhale (1200ml)
Vital capacity: sum of TV, IRV, and ERV
Total lung capacity: sum of ALL (TV, IRV, ERV, and RV)

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17
Q

Describe normal bronchial and vesicular sounds, and the proper use and placement of the stethoscope for auscultating these sounds.

A

Normal sounds are rushing air with heartbeat in background

Stethoscope is placed under the scapula because muscle area is thinner

18
Q

Be able to identify what “rales” and “wheezing” sound like, and what causes them.

A

Rales: crackling sound (excessive fluid in lungs)
Wheezing: squeaky dolphins (constriction to airway)

19
Q

Explain the role of the respiratory system in regulating the acid-base balance of the blood.

A

bicarbonate regulates pH; HCO3 combines with H+ to remove excess H+ or HCO3 dissociates by releasing H+ when not enough H+

20
Q

What was the reagent used in the gastric digestion experiment, what does it react with, how do you interpret the results, and what is the significance of the results?

A

Bieret reagent, reacts with amino acids.

    • if soltion turns pink there is amino acids and if purple it is negative for amino acids
    • Significance of results –indicates whether proteins are successfully being broken down into amino acids
21
Q

what is the importance of surface area in the digestive system, and describe the gross and microscopic features that produce such vast surface areas within the alimentary canal.

A

• Importance of surface area in digestion –increased surface area = increased absorption (facilitates speed of diffusion) –allows for maximum absorption
• Features that produce vast surface areas w/in alimentary canal:
(List features –state description)
Stomach:
i. rugae
Small Intestine:
i. Length of small intestines –very long (approx. 200 sq. meters)
ii. Circular folds –deep, permanent folds in mucosa and submucosa, 1 cm tall
iii. Villi –fingerlike projections of the mucosa, over 1 mm high, epithelial columnar cells ***Contains lacteals (p877/910-11?)
iv. Microvilli –exceptionally long, densely packed

22
Q

what is the general anatomy and function of the four basic layers (and their specific features) found in the walls of the alimentary canal throughout the different organs of the GI tract.

A

• Four basic layers of alimentary canal tissues: (pg 854-55/887)
anatomy (description, features), function (explanation of how it works)
1. Mucosa – Three sublayers:
(1) lining epitheliem
(2) lamina propria (MALT)
(3) muscularis mucosae
Description: innermost layer, moist epithelial membrane, lines alimentary canal lumen mouth to anus
Function:
Secrete mucus, digestive enzymes and hormones
Absorb end products of digestion into blood
Protect against infectious disease
2. Submucosa –
Description: external to mucosa, areolar connective tissue (contains rich supply of blood and lymphatic vessels, lymphoid follicles, nerve fibers)
Function:
*** Abundant elasticity allows stomach to regain normal shape
3. Muscularis – (muscularis externa)
Description:
Made up of smooth muscle cells (inner circular layer, outer longitudinal layer), thickening = sphincter
Function:
Responsible for Segmentation & Peristalsis
Sphinctor controls food passage from one organ to the next & prevents backflow
4. Serosa –
Description:
Outermost layer of intraperitoneal organs, visceral peritoneum
Function:
Encloses organs (protective barrier), allows movement without friction

  • IN ESOPHOGUS –Adventitia (instead of serosa), binds esophagus to surrounding structures
  • Retroperitoneal organs –Have Serosa AND Adventitia
23
Q

explain absorption

A

the passage of substances through the intestinal mucosa into the blood

24
Q

Gastric and intestinal

A

break food stuff into small enough pieces to be absorbed through intestinal walls into blood stream

25
Q

What was the reagents for the small intestine absorbtion lab, what did they test for, now do you read the results, and significance of results

A

Benedicts, tests for glucose

    • red/orange is positve for glucose, blue is negative
    • Indicates glucose can be absorbed by (go through) wall of small intestine

Iodine/K+, tests for starch

    • brown black is positive for starch, yellow is negative
    • Indicates that starch (the unbroken down form of glucose) molecules are too big to pass through the walls of the small intestines and be absorbed by the body
26
Q

what are the endocrine and exocrine functions of the pancreas and how do they react with the liver to regulate blood sugar?

A
    • endocrine: islets of langerhans produce insulin (stores sugar) and glucagon (releases sugar)
    • exocrine: secretes pancreatic fluid that contain digestive enzymes that help to furter break down carbohydrates, proteins, and lipis in the chyme.
27
Q

Explain the features that allow for only certain substances to pass through a dialysis membrane and how this is similar to the kidney.

A

as blood passes through K+ and nitrogenous wastes are filtered out while buffers associated with H+ and glucose are passed back in. cells and larger proteins are not filtered out since the are too large to pass thru the membrane.

28
Q

Describe the location of the kidneys relative to the peritoneum.

A

they are posterior to the peritoneal.

29
Q

normal urinometer range?

A

1.001 to 1.035 (typically 1.015 - 1.025).

30
Q

what health problems do abnormal densities of urine gravity indicate?

A
  • UTI
  • diabetes insipidus
  • kidney infection
  • kidney failure
31
Q

how are casts formed

A

in the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts. They form via precipitation of Tamm-Horsfall mucoprotein which is secreted by renal tubule cells, and sometimes also by albumin in conditions of proteinuria.

32
Q

what are the layers of the renal gland?

A
  • zona glomerulosa
  • zona faciculate
  • zona reticularis
33
Q

what hormone does the zona glomerulosa produce and what is the action of that hormone?

A

secretes mineralocorticoids; aldosterone whcih increases blood Na+ & water; decreases blood K

34
Q

what hormone does the zona faciculata produce and what is the action of that hormone?

A

secretes glucocorticoids; cortisol: increases glucose leves; depresses immune system

35
Q

what hormone does the zona reticularis produce and what is the action of that hormone?

A

gonadocorticoids; norepinephrine and epinephrine: “flight or flight, mobilizes stores of energy for action; enhance effects of sympathetic div of ANS during stress

36
Q

What is the human life cycle?

A

meiosis –> haploid gametes –> fertilization –> dyploid zygote –>mitosis and development –> multicellular diploid adults

37
Q

what is spermatogenisis?

A

sperm formation

38
Q

what is meiosis?

A

a unique kind of nuclear division, most part, happens only in gonads

39
Q

what is spermiogenesis?

A

transformation of a spermatid into a functional sperm

40
Q

what are the different stages of development of ovarian follicles in the ovarian cycle?

A
  • promordial folilicles
  • primary follicles
  • secondary follicles
  • graafian follicles
  • follicle ruptures
  • ruptured follicle forms into coprus luteum (secretes estrogen and progesterine)
41
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

to deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract

42
Q

what is the function of the corpus spongiosum?

A

during erection it prevents the urethra from pinching closed

A&P Lab 112 (1 decks)

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