final lab exam Flashcards
Is the disk diffusion method measuring bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects?
It cannot distinguish between bacteriostatic or bactericidal effects
In which growth phase is an organism most susceptible to an antimicrobial agent?
the exponential or log phase
Diseases that are referred to as EIDs have only been discovered in the past fifty years. T/F
False
A host is not considered diseased until an infection changes one’s state of health. T/F
True
Reservoirs of infections are always living organisms. T/F
False
Biofilms provide pathogens with an adhesion mechanism and aid in resistance to antimicrobial agents. T/F
True
In A-B exotoxins, the B component…
a) is the receptor on the host membrane to which A binds
b) is the toxin
c) binds the receptor so the toxin can enter the cell
d) inactivate the toxin
C. binds to the receptor so the toxin can enter the cell
Which of the following statements is TRUE?
Both members are harmed in a symbiotic relationship.
A parasite is not in symbiosis with its host.
Members of a symbiotic relationship cannot live without each other.
At least one member must benefit in a symbiotic relationship.
Symbiosis always refers to different organisms living together and benefiting from each other.
At least one member must benefit in a symbiotic relationship
The major significance of Robert Koch’s work is that
Microorganisms can be cultured.
Microorganisms cause disease.
Diseases can be transmitted from one animal to another.
Microorganisms are the result of disease.
Microorganisms are present in a diseased animal.
Microorganisms cause disease
Symptoms of disease differ from signs of disease in that symptoms
Are changes felt by the patient.
Are specific for a particular disease.
Are changes observed by the physician.
None of the answers is correct.
Always occur as part of a syndrome.
Are changes. felt by the patient
Focal infections initially start out as
Systemic infections. Local infections. Sepsis. Septicemia. Bacteremia.
Local infections
The science that deals with when diseases occur and how they are transmitted is called
Communicable disease. Public health. Epidemiology. Ecology. Morbidity and mortality.
Epidemiology
The ability of some microbes, such as Trypanosoma
or Giardia to alter their surface molecules and evade destruction by the host’s antibodies is called
Antigenic variation.
Cytopathic effect.
Virulence.
Lysogenic conversion.
Cytocidal effect.
Antigenic variation
The ID50 is
The dose that will cause an infection in 50 percent of the test population.
The dose that will cause an infection in some of the test population.
The dose that will kill 50 percent of the test population.
The dose that will kill some of the test population.
A measure of morbidity.
The dose that will cause infection in 50 percent of the test population
Cytopathic effects are changes in host cells due to Viral infections. Fungal infections. Helminthic infections. Bacterial infections. Protozoan infections.
Viral infections
Which of the following is an example of a fomite? a mosqito an used hypodermic needle an asymptomatic person a toxin. superantigens
A used hypodermic needle
All of the following are used by bacteria to attach to host cells EXCEPT Capsules. A-B toxins. Fimbriae. Ligands. M protein.
A-B toxins
The epidermis is composed of connective tissue and provides protection from the external environment. T/F
False
Maturation of stem cells into mature B lymphocytes occurs in the red bone marrow.
True
False
True
The inflammatory response can only be triggered by an infection.
True
False
False
Apoptosis happens when there is significant leakage of cellular contents out of the cell.
True
False
False
An example of a TLR would be peptidoglycan found in the cell wall of gram-positive bacteria. T/F
False
All of the following protect the skin and mucous membranes from infection EXCEPT
The "ciliary escalator." Multiple layers of cells. Tears. Saliva. Interferons
interferons
A differential cell count is used to determine each of the following EXCEPT
The total number of white blood cells.
The numbers of each type of white blood cell.
The number of red blood cells.
Leukocytosis.
Leukopenia.
The number of red blood cells
The complement protein cascade is the same for the classical pathway, alternative pathway, and lectin pathway beginning with the activation of
C1. C3. C6. C2. C5.
C3
Margination refers to
The chemotactic response of phagocytes.
Dilation of blood vessels.
Adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels.
The adherence of phagocytes to microorganisms.
The movement of phagocytes through walls of blood vessels.
Adherence of phagocytes to the lining of blood vessels
Plasma cells are activated by a(n) T cell. APC. Antigen. B cell. Memory cell.
Antigen
What type of immunity results from recovery from mumps?
naturally acquired active immunity
naturally acquired passive immunity
artificially acquired passive immunity
artificially acquired active immunity
innate immunity
Naturally acquired active immunity
The antibodies found in mucus, saliva, and tears are IgD. IgA. IgM. IgE. IgG.
IgA
Each of the following provides protection from phagocyte digestion EXCEPT M protein Leukocidins Biofilms Capsules IgM.
IgM
Toxoid vaccines, such as the vaccines against diphtheria and tetanus, elicit a(n)
antibody response against gram-positive bacteria.
immune complex.
antibody response against these bacterial toxins.
TC cell response.
dendritic cell proliferation.
Antibody response against these bacterial toxins
In a direct ELISA, the test detects the presence of________________.
complement agglutination substrate antigen antibodies
Antigen
A hybridoma results from the fusion of a(an)
B cell with a myeloma cell. B cell with a T cell. antigen with an antibody. myeloma cell with a virus. antigen with a B cell.
B cell with a myeloma cell
Monoclonal antibodies are used in diagnostic tests and disease treatments because they
are highly specific, they can be produced in large quantities, and they contain a mixture of antibodies.
are highly specific and they can be produced in large quantities.
can be produced in large quantities.
are highly specific.
contain a mixture of antibodies.
Are highly specific and they can be produced in large quantities
In a viral hemagglutination inhibition test, if the patients have no antibodies for a virus in the serum, the red blood cells will ________________________in the presence of the virus.
be in solution lyse agglutinate fluoresce precipitate
Agglutinate
Live weakened polio virus can be used directly in a(n)
subunit vaccine. conjugated vaccine. attenuated whole-agent vaccine. toxoid vaccine. inactivated whole-agent vaccine.
Attenuated whole-agent vaccine
In a complement fixation test, a patient’s serum, is mixed with Mycobacterium and guinea pig complement. Then, after some time of incubation, sheep red blood cells, and anti-sheep red blood cell antibodies are mixed in a test tube. What happens if the patient has antibodies to Mycobacterium?
Hemagglutination occurs. Bacteria fluoresce. Hemolysis occurs. Hemagglutination-inhibition occurs. No hemolysis occurs.
No hemolysis occurs
Palivizumab is used to treat respiratory syncytial virus disease. This antiviral drug is a(n)
nucleoside analog. immunosuppressive. vaccine. toxoid. monoclonal antibody.
monoclonal antibody
Most of the available antimicrobial agents are effective against
All of the answers are correct. bacteria. viruses. fungi. protozoa.
bacteria
Niclosamide affects ONLY mitochondria. You would expect this drug to be effective against
viruses. Mycobacterium tuberculosis. gram-negative bacteria. helminths (parasitic worms) gram-positive bacteria.
helminths (parasitic worms)
In the presence of penicillin, a cell dies because
the cell walls gets digested by the drug
the osmotic pressure lyses the dividing wall-less cells
it lacks a cell membrane.
its growth its halted
its contents leak out.
The osmotic pressure lyses the dividing wall-less cells
Which of the following would be selective against the tuberculosis?
streptogramin- inhibits protein synthesis
ethambutol- inhibits mycolic acid synthesis
vancomycin- inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
bacitracin- inhibits peptidoglycan synthesis
streptomycin- inhibits protein synthesis
Ethambutol-inhibits mycelia acid synthesis
Bacterial cells have \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ ribosomes. 50S none, they are procaryotes 80S 30S 70S
70s
Which of the following statements about drug resistance is FALSE?
It may be due to misuse of a drug.
It is found only in gram-negative bacteria.
It may be carried on a plasmid.
It may be due to enzymes that degrade some antibiotics.
It may be transferred from one bacterium to another during conjugation.
It is found only in gram-negative bacteria
Which one of the following does NOT belong with the others? cephalosporin monobactam penicillin tetracycline ampicillin
tetracycline
