Final Key Terms Flashcards
Aphasia
a language deficit following brain damage
Broca’s Aphasia
main problem is with production, especially with syntax
aware of problem
Wernicke’s Aphasia
older man in video from lecture
main problem is with mapping non-linguistic concepts to linguistic forms
not aware of problem
Conduction Aphasia
maintaining phonological information
Broca’s area
production; sequence words and generates syntax
Wernicke’s area
comprehension; stores links between sound and meaning
Primary Progressive Aphasia (PPA)
downward
slow decline in language processing abilities
neuroplasticity
ability of the brain to reorganize functions to different areas
Visual Word Form Area (VWFA)
brain area in temperal lobe
Brain area in temporal lobe that responds to visual presentations of words and pseudowords
Primary progressive aphasia (PPA)
Semantic type-characterized by fluent speech but lexical retrieval and/or comprehension deficits
Prosody
pattern of stress, intonation, rhythm
Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI)
uses powerful magnetic fields to align atoms forming neutral tissue
produces high resolution image of the structure of the brain
Functional MRI (fMRI)
measures the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) signal throughout the brain because oxygenated blood have different magnetic properties
Prescriptive grammar
proper” rules taught in school and used in formal writing
Descriptive grammar
underlying rules and patterns behind normal use of language; not explicitly taught
Syntax
the system of rules that govern how words in sentences relate to one another
Syntactic Parsing
the mental process of determining how words in sentences relate to one another
Globally ambiguous sentences
meaning remains ambiguous, even at the end of the sentence; sentence can be interpreted in more than one way
Temporarily ambiguous sentences
meaning is ambiguous at some point in the sentence, but the ambiguity is resolved by the end of the sentence
Disambiguating point
word at which the correct syntactic interpretation of the sentence becomes clear
Garden Path Sentence
Sentences that are easily misunderstood even though they are grammatical because of temporary ambiguity
Immediacy Principle
interpretation is incremental (happening little by little)
Parallel
consider multiple interpretations at a time
Serial
can only consider one interpretation at a time (one structure at a time)
incremental
one word at a time
Minimal attachment
build the structure with the fewest nodes (i.e. the simplest structure) - count the “branches” in the structure tree
Late Closure
attach incoming words to the phrase currently being processed
Bilingualism
the use of two or more languages (or dialects) in everyday life
declarative
knowing facts, data, events
procedural
knowing how to do things
Classroom instruction
usually conducted in L1 or combo; explicit teaching of rules
immersion
entirely in L2; implicit learning of rules
Miniature artificial language
similar to natural languages but with a small vocabulary and few rules
Cumulative Semantic interference
occurs when lots of related words have to be named in succession because they compete with one another for selection
Distributed Conceptual Feature
Word meanings are more accurately represented as a distributed network of nodes and links
Grecian Maxims
“rules” for conversation
quality (maxim)
tell the truth, backed by evidence
quantity (maxim)
say enough information but not too much
relevance (maxim)
stick to the topic of conversation
manner (maxim)
be clear, straightforward, and orderly
Cohesion
sentences are related according to linguistic convention
Coherence
sentences are related to conceptually, via an overarching theme
writing system
set of scripts
alphabetic
letters represent phonemes
syllabary
graphemes represent syllables
logographic
graphemes represent morphemes
script
a system for writing a language
Shallow orthography
about 1:1 grapheme to phoneme correspondence
Every letter represents a sound and every sound is represented by a single letter
Deep orthography
complicated system of grapheme to phoneme correspondence
Many letters may represent the same sound (ex: /s/ goes with “s” and “c”
The same letter can represent many sound (ex: “c” can be pronounced /s/, /k/, or as part of /ch/)
