Final Key Terms Flashcards
the standard story
Pfaff
why prison populations have continued to grow despite falling crime rates since the 1990s
1. war on drugs
2. trends in violent/property crimes relatively unimportant in accounting for mass incarceration
3. longer sentences
4. criminal justice system being a coherent entity with identifiable goals
5. politics of crime uniquely dysfunctional with American politics
moral hazard
Pfaff
lack of incentives to guard against risk in situations where one is protected from its consequences
black box
Pfaff
something that can be viewed only in terms of inputs/outputs without knowledge of internal workings
cultural evolution
Botsman
theory that all societies develop in a unilinear pattern over time, progressing from savagery to barbarism and culminating in civilisation
extraterritoriality
Botsman
immunities enjoyed by foreign actors/entities from the jurisdiction of the country in which they are present
orientalism
Botsman
certain narratives, stories, discourses, representations and fantasies that circulate in the West about the East
legal financial obligations (LFOs)
Beckett & Harris
fees, fines and restitution orders imposed by courts and other criminal justice agencies on persons accused of crimes
marking (Kohler-Haussman)
official state stamp on the defendant which designates something about their participation in the criminal justice system
procedural hassle
Kohler-Haussman
delaying, engaging or compelling the defendant to conform to institutional demands of the court
performance
Kohler-Haussman
requirement that the defendant discharge some duties, assigned tasks, program activity or therapeutic undertaking
marking (Pager)
official credential qualifying someone for social discrimination and exclusion
negative credential
Pager
situation where institutions certify individuals as being a particular class with an implied social status
torture tree
Ralph
metaphor demonstrating how each process results in individual acts of police force as egregious as the police torture cases in Chicago as well as everyday minimal interactions experienced as coercive between ordinary people and police that become an inevitability
- leaves as incidents of police force, branches as police officers, trunk as the use-of-force continuum, roots as the culture of fear/threat
use-of-force continuum
Ralph
guidelines that the police are supposed to abide by when deploying force in a particular encounter with a civilian
open secret
Ralph
delicate institutional tangle between judges, police officers, prosecutors, government officials where individuals choose to remain silent
black box
Ralph
tacit agreement among police officers to stop trying to understand how and why torture is taking place in their precinct
- also literal black box in play in the torture of Wilson and other victims
the symbiotic relationship
Ralph
mutually beneficial and close relationship between the US military and domestic police forces
militarisation of the police/policification of the military
Ralph
how PDs and officers draw from and pattern themselves after the military/how military draw from domestic techniques and strategies of policing while working abroad
secrecy
Ralph
central means for controlling information in contemporary societies
the American philosophy of guilt
Ralph
idea that in the US, not about what you did but who you are which makes you a bad person and guilty
structural violence
De Leon
type of violence committed when a social structure/institution harms people by preventing them from fulfilling basic needs
state of exception
De Leon
process whereby sovereign authorities declare emergencies in order to suspend the legal protections afforded to individuals while simultaneously unleashing the power of the state upon them in the name of public good
space of exception
De Leon
physical/political locations where an individual’s rights and protections under law can be stripped away upon entrance
hybrid collectif
De Leon
accounts for both human and non-human agency that comes together to produce agency for a particular act which may or may not be directly attributable to human agency
