Final Integration of metabolism

Question 1

The basic chemical strategy that governs the metabolism of living organisms are?

Answer 1

breakdown of fuel molecules to generate ATP,
reducing power,
building blocks for biosynthesis.

Question 2

Brain metabolic profile
fuel reserves:
Preferred fuel:
Fuel source exported:

Answer 2

fuel reserves: none
Preferred fuel: glucose
Fuel source exported: none

Question 3

Skeletal muscle resting metabolic profile

Answer 3

fuel reserves: glycogen+ protein
Preferred fuel: fatty acid
Fuel source exported: none

Question 4

Skeletal muscle during exertion metabolic profile
fuel reserves:
Preferred fuel:
Fuel source exported:

Answer 4

fuel reserves: none
Preferred fuel: glucose
Fuel source exported: lactate

Question 5

Heart metabolic profile
fuel reserves:
Preferred fuel:
Fuel source exported:

Answer 5

fuel reserves: none
Preferred fuel: fatty acids
Fuel source exported: none

Question 6

Adipose tissue metabolic profile

Answer 6

fuel reserves: triacylglycerol
Preferred fuel: fatty acids
Fuel source exported: fatty acids glycerol

Question 7

liver metabolic profile
fuel reserves:
Preferred fuel:
Fuel source exported:

Answer 7

fuel reserves: glycogen
Preferred fuel: glucose, fatty acids, amino acids
Fuel source exported: fatty acids, glucose, ketone bodies

Question 8

The brain can store glucose and consumes less than 60% of the glucose used by a resting human each day. True or false?

Answer 8

false- The brain lacks defined fuel stores of its own and requires a continuous supply of glucose, consuming about 60% of the glucose used by a resting human each day

Question 9

The brain in a low aerobic organ. T or F

Answer 9

false

Question 10

During starvation, ketone bodies produced in the liver help brain tissue compensate for the lack of glucose in the blood. TorF

Answer 10

true

Question 11

Fatty acids are not used by the brain for energy production T or F

Answer 11

true

Question 12

During long periods of rest, the muscle prefers glucose. True or false

Answer 12

false- fatty acids are more preferred

Question 13

in active muscle tissue, the rate of glycolysis far exceeds that of the TCA cycle T or F?

Answer 13

true

Question 14

What is the liver’s role for when the muscle produces excess pyruvate?

Answer 14

pyruvate is converted into lactate then transported into the liver and converts it back to glucose

Question 15

When are amino acids used for energy?

Answer 15

utilized for energy only during long-term exertion (even starvation)

Question 16

How is alanine produced in muscle tissue related to liver?

Answer 16

during muscle protein breakdown, is also effectively transported to the liver and converted back into glucose

Question 17

why is the liver function essential to muscle cells?

Answer 17

A functional liver is essential to muscle physiology because muscle cells lack a

Question 18

the heart is highly aerobic meaning it will produce lactate. true or false?

Answer 18

False

Question 19

The heart muscle requires a continuous supply of fuels true or false?

Answer 19

true

Question 20

What is the major fuel reserve for an animal?

Answer 20

Adipose tissue

Question 21

esterification of fatty acids to form triacylglycerols and for the release of free fatty acids are specialized for what organ?

Answer 21

Adipose tissue

Question 22

How do adipose tissues receive dietary lipids?

Answer 22

In the form of Chylomicrons

Question 23

How are newly synthesized lipids that come the liver packaged?

Answer 23

VLDL

Question 24

The liver serves as the metabolic hub of the body and is function is essential to provide adequate fuel only for the brain T or F

Answer 24

False - provides fuel for brain, muscle, and other peripheral tissue

Question 25

The fasting state the liver produce what type of bodies?

Answer 25

Ketone bodies

Question 26

Can the liver consume ketone bodies?

Answer 26

No

Question 27

The liver can take up all fuels true or false?

Answer 27

false cannot take up ketone bodies

Question 28

what is the medium of transport of hormonal signals from one tissue to another?

Answer 28

Blood

Question 29

the human circulatory system has developed so that the portal vein from digestive tract lastly encounters the liver tissue T or False

Answer 29

false- encounter first so the liver has first access to important metabolites

Question 30

In animals, blood glucose levels must be maintained within narrow limits. Under normal conditions the brain meets its energy requirements by using glucose. In humans the normal level of glucose in the blood is 4.4 mM (~80 mg/100 ml). This level might rise to 6.6 mM after a meal. what is done to regulate these levels ?

Answer 30

The liver plays a central role in glucose homeostasis (a constant level of glucose in the blood) as well as hormones

Question 31

what are the three major hormones that are used in regulation of fuel metabolism

Answer 31

1. Insulin 2. Glucagon 3. Epinephrine (shorter-lived effects)

Question 32

High blood glucose levels stimulate the release of what hormone and from where?

Answer 32

insulin pancreas

Question 33

Blood glucose levels drop

Answer 33

low blood glucose stimulates the release of glucagon to liver

Question 34

describe the opposing roles of insulin and glucagon in metabolism

Answer 34

Insulin sends signal in the fed state meanwhile glucagon is in the starved state.

Question 35

Insulin signals the fed state and promotes:

Answer 35

1. Uptake of fuels into some cells 2. Storage of fuel (lipids and glycogen) 3. Biosynthesis of macromolecules (proteins and nucleic acids)

Question 36

The main target of glucagon is the?

Answer 36

liver -where it raises the levels of cAMP to activate glucose production

Question 37

what is glucagons role in adipose tissue?

Answer 37

glucagon increases the mobilization of triacylglycerols to yield fatty acids and glycero

Question 38

Unlike insulin or glucagon, epinephrine is produced by the adrenal medulla in response to

Answer 38

low blood glucose levels

Question 39

are the effects of epinephrine short or long-lived?

Answer 39

short

Question 40

epinephrine can “override” insulin for long periods of time true or false?

Answer 40

false only short periods

Question 41

All organisms must balance the ingestion and absorption of fuel molecules with the metabolism and storage of these nutrients to meet long-term and immediate energy needs. Maintenance of this balance is called?

Answer 41

Energy homeostasis

Question 42

how is AMPK activated ?

Answer 42

activated by a high AMP/ATP ratio (in other words low energy).

Question 43

Once AMPK is activated it leads what production and inhibition of what

Answer 43

initiates signaling pathways that lead to ATP production and inhibit pathways that utilize ATP

Question 44

mTor (mammalian Target of Rapamycin) is inactive under nutrient-rich conditions and active in nutrient-poor conditions

Answer 44

False- mTor (mammalian Target of Rapamycin) is active under nutrient-rich conditions and inactive in nutrient-poor conditions

Question 45

describe proliferative metabolism

Answer 45

If nutrients are abundant then cells take up the fuels and metabolize them through glycolysis. Rapid also inefficient

Question 46

When nutrients are scarce, cells adapt to a ........ metabolism. Unicellular organisms then rely primarily on oxidative metabolism

Answer 46

Starvation metabolism

Question 47

proliferative metabolism are examples of

Answer 47

unicellular metabolism

Question 48

in a multicellular organism if food is abundant and it decides to go through proliferative metabolism. what conditions are placed?

Answer 48

Growth hormone presence

Question 49

in a multicellular organism if food is abundant it decides to go through quiescent metabolism. what conditions are placed?

Answer 49

no growth hormone signal

Question 50

The brain receives information about

Answer 50

the quality and quantity of nutrients being consumed the levels of fuel already present in the blood the amounts of energy present in various storage reserves in the body

Question 51

There are four principal endocrine regulators of food intake what are they

Answer 51

Leptin and insulin inhibit food intake Ghrelin and adiponectin promote food intake

Question 52

Which hormones activate hypothalamic AMPK

Answer 52

activated by ghrelin and adiponectin

Question 53

AMPK where/when are they synthesized

Answer 53

adipocytes & stomach cells low levels of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), or branched-chain amino acids (BCAA)

Question 54

low levels of glucose, free fatty acids (FFA), or branched-chain amino acids (BCAA) stimulate the activation of

Answer 54

hypothalamic AMPK

Question 55

Which hormones activate mTOR ?

Answer 55

insulin or leptin

Question 56

mTOR where/when are they synthesized?

Answer 56

pancreas adipocytes response to ample nutrient levels.

Question 57

describe how the human body adapts to starvation

Answer 57

When they are in starvation mode the body moves to ketone glucose production to produce glucose and lowers the intake of protein degradation. with no muscles our body would die