Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathology Sp 16 > Final: GI Pathology > Flashcards

Final: GI Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

What are the largest and mainly serous acini salivary glands

A

Parotid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what salivary glands are mainly mucous acini

A

sublingual

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what salivary glands are mixed

A

submandibular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

minor glands: classify them

A

minor glands are mixed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is inflammation of the salivary glands called

A

sialadenitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what 4 conditions arise from sialadenitis

A

sialoliths, mumps, sarcoidosis, Sjogren syndrome

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what symptoms arise from sialadenitis

A

dry mouth, swelling, pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what is Sjogren syndrome? Who and what age group does it mostly occur in?
what are the symptoms

A

Sjogren syndrome: autoimmune disease, occurs in females in 4th and5th decades
symptoms: dry mouth, dry eyes, keratoconjunctivitis sicca

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is the path of Sjogren syndrome?

what does Sjogren syndrome lead to?

A

Sjogren syndrome: intense lymphocytic infiltrate

leads to 40x INC risk for lymphoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Sjogren syndrome leads to what enlargement? Primary what?

secondary when?

A

Sjogren syndrome leads to parotid enlargement either uni or bilaterally
Primary SS: sicca syndrome
Secondary SS: 60% occurs in setting of other autoimmune diseases like arthritis and SLE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the most commonly affected salivary gland w tumors? what percent of tumors and what percent are benign?

A

Parotid gland most common site for tumors!
75% of salivary gland tumors
75% are benign

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 2 benign salivary gland tumors? what is the most common benign tumor?

A

Benign= Pleomorphic adenoma (mixed) and Warthin tumor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a malignant salivary gland tumor

A

Mucoepidermoid carcinoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what % or pleomorphic adenoma occurs in parotid gland? what is the presentation of pleomorphic adenoma

A

60% of pleomorphic adenoma occurs in parotid

Pleomorphic adenoma: lobulated, firm on palpation, variably encapsulated

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what is the recurrence of pleomorphic adenoma?

A

10% recurrence of pleomorphic adenoma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What salivary gland tumor occur mainly in males and is a parotid gland lesion?
what percent are bilateral? what is this tumor associated w?

A

Warthin Tumor= male predominance = history of smoking, 10% bilateral

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the most common malignant SG tumor that occurs mainly in parotid and minor glands? how does this tumor sometimes present?

A

most common malignant SG Tumor= Mucoepidermoid Carcinoma= may note bluish color due to mucin and cystic growth pattern

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what is post inflammatory fibrosis/ stenosis in the esophagus from

A

mechanical obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is discoordinated muscular contractions or spasms, diverticula may result in the esophagus from

A

functional obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what may arise from portal hypertension? how often is this seen in cirrhotic patients?

A

Esophageal varices arise from portal hypertension = 90% of cirrhotic pts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

describe the results of esophageal varices

A

esophageal varies are often asymptomatic but can rupture leading to hemorrhage and death

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what is esophagitis?

what does GI reflux lead to?

A

inflammation of the esophagus

GI reflux= barrets esophagus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what may be seen in pts with chronic gastric reflux like GERD, hiatal hernia, chronic alcoholism and bulimia? What surfaces does this often affect? and what does the extent of loss reflect?

A

Gastric acid enamel erosion
often affects lingual and palatal surfaces
extent of loss may reflect reflux duration or frequency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what are the benign types of esophageal neoplasms

A

leiomyoma and mucosal pulps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
what are the malignant types of esophageal neoplasms
Adenocarcinoma (barret) and Squamous cell cancer
26
Squamous cell esophageal cancer is most prominent in who? 5 year survival rate? causes?
males especially blacks (9:1 black to whites), caused by smoking and alcohol, and 9% 5 year survival
27
what neoplasm is associated with GERD? who is this neoplasm most prominent in and what is its 5 year survival
GERD= adenocarcinoma adenocarcinoma males 7:1 25% 5 year survival
28
What is the neoplasm most commonly found in the mid 1/3 of the esophagus? most prominent in who? varies with what?
Squamous cell cancer of esophagus occurs in mid 1/3 of esophagus males 4:1 and occurs more commonly in blacks. regional variation based on diet, environment, genetics
29
where is Squamous cell cancer of the esophagus most common?
in China, Brazil and South Africa
30
what are the known dietary causes of squamous cell esophagus cancer
Vitamin/ trace metal deficiencies, fungal contamination of food, nitrate and nitrosamines
31
what are the symptoms of Squamous cell cancer of the esophagus
Plummer Vinson, achalasia, esophagitis
32
what neoplasm occurs in the distal 1/3 of the esophagus? most prominent in who? symptoms?
distal 1/3 of esophagus = esophageal adenocarcinoma. Most prominent in Males (7:1) BUT more common in WHITES Than black!! symptoms: dysphagia, chest pain, weight loss
33
what occurs more esophageal adenocarcinoma or squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus
squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is MORE COMMON than esophageal adenocarcinoma
34
Describe acute gastritis
Acute gastritis may be abrupt, transient, variable pain may note ulceration
35
Describe autoimmune gastritis
Autoimmune gastritis: loss of parietal cells, DEC IF, DEC B12 absorption, pernicious anemia
36
what is the path of acute gastritis? | What are the causes of acute gastritis?
Path of acute gastritis: punctuate hemorrhage, erosion, edema, acute inflammation Causes of acute gastritis: smoking, alcohol, Stress, ischemia, NSAIDs, aspirin, infection
37
symptoms of acute gastritis
asymptomatic to epigastric pain to hemorrhage
38
chronic gastritis path causes of chronic gastritis clinical course
Chronic gastritis caused 90% of time by infections by H Pylori, 10% autoimmune (pernicious anemia). Path: atrophic epithelium, chronic inflammation, intestinal metaplasia Clinical course: ulceration, 2-4% cancer risk (intestinal metaplasia)
39
Describe Helicobacter pylori
curved, gram negative baccillus, seen in most cases of chronic gastritis
40
what percent of gastric ulcers have H pylori? what % of duodenal ulcers have H pylori?
65% of gastric ulcers have H pylori | 85-100% duodenal ulcers have H pylori
41
What is used to treat H pylori
ABs and proton pump inhibitors
42
What is peptic ulcer disease caused by
H pylori and NSAID use
43
what is peptic ulcer disease
peptic ulcer disease is gastric hyperacidity w recurrent ulcers with intermittent healing
44
what percent of peptic ulcer disease occurs in the stomach and duodenum
98%
45
whats the lifetime risk for peptic ulcer disease in males? | in females?
males have 10% lifetime risk for peptic ulcer disease | females have 4% lifetime risk for peptic ulcer disease
46
what are the complications of peptic ulcers
intractable pain, hemorrhage, perforation, obstruction which leads to edema and fibrosis
47
what % of peptic ulcers lead to perforation
5% of peptic ulcers lead to perforation
48
what % of peptic ulcers leads to obstruction and ultimately edema and fibrosis
2%
49
what are the causes of small intestine malabsorptive diarrhea
``` celiac disease (gluten allergen) tropical spruce (aerobic bacteria) lactase deficiency abetalipoproteinemia: transepithelial transport defect ```
50
the small intestine can have gluten sensitivity, who is the prominent population for gluten sensitivity? what is the cause? what is the morphology of the small intestine due to gluten sensitivity
Gluten sensitivity prominent in caucasians w a ratio of 1: 100-200 caused by hypersensitivity to gladden morpho of SI: blunted villi and inflammatory infiltrate
51
What improves Gluten sensitivity | what disease is the name for gluten sensitivity?
withdrawal of wheat gladden and related grain proteins from diet celiac disease
52
What are the clinical aspects of malabsorption
anemia, osteopenia, tetany, amenorrhea, impotence, infertility, generalized malnutrition, deficiencies of vitamin A and B12 which leads to peripheral neuropathy and nyctalopia
53
what can be the causes of anemia?
Dec Iron, pyridoxine, folate, B12, bleeding from Vit K deficiency
54
What can be the causes of osteopenia and tetany?
defective Ca, Mg, Vit D, and protein absorption
55
what does deficiency of Vitamin A and B12 lead to?
peripheral neuropathy and nyctalopia (from DEC Vitamin A)
56
What are the oral manifestations of malabsorption
``` if severe, initial oral sign can be atrophic glossitis (bald red tongue), patchy or involvement of entire dorsum overt tongue lesions that are tender burning sensation (glossopyrosis) is common ```
57
Describe the anatomy of the colon
NO villi, tubular crypts, surface absorptive cells, goblet, endocrine undifferentiated, occasional Paneth cells in cecum and ascending colon
58
what are colon polyps? | what two types of colon polyps can occur, describe the two
colon polyps are hyper plastic extensions in the colon lumen that are inflammatory they can be a) harmartomatous: INC in tissue normally at the site b) adenomatous: neoplastic tumor
59
What is the most important predictor of malignant change of a colon polyp
size!!
60
what shape can neoplastic/ dysplastic colon polyps be
tubular, tubulo villous, and villous
61
``` Clinical features of Familial Adenomatous Polyposis what is the penetrance of adenomas? whats the risks of FAP? what may be present with FAP? if untreated what does FAP lead to? ```
FAP has clinical penetrance for adenomas of greater than 90% | FAP INC risk fro extracolonic tumors (upper GI
62
what is Gardner Syndrome
Gardner syndrome is FAP with extra intestinal features including epidermoid cysts, jaw osteomas, supernumerary teeth or unerupted teeth and INC odontomas
63
what are the oral manifestations of FAP and Gardner Syndrome
oral manifestations allow for early recognition of bowel disease and neoplams FAP and Gardner syndrome are associated with osteomas and delayed tooth eruption
64
What is Peutz Jeghers Syndrome | what are the oral manifestations of peutz jeghers syndromes
Peutz Jeghers syndrome is a GI hamartomatous polyps disease of intussusception, that are NOT precancerous but puts pts at greater risk for GI adenocarcinoma Oral manifestions: perioral and oral pigmentations which develops in childhood Non sun dependent freckling of skin around lips and vermillion zone
65
What are the clinical manifestations of Peutz Jeghers syndrome? when are the signs of Peutz Jeghers syndrome usually present (what percent)?
Mucocutaneous melanin deposits around nose, lips, buccal mucosa, hands and feet, genitalia, and perianal region 95% present at birth
66
what are the two idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases, | what is another causes of ulcerative inflammatory disease
Idiopathic: Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis | Ulcerative inflammatory disease can also be caused by infectious agents
67
Describe Crohns disease
Crohn disease is seen any portion of the GI tract, MOST OFTEN DISTAL SMALL BOWEL AND COLON. transmural disease, oral involvement frequently seen
68
what is the most common location of crohn disease? describe its distribution. how does it affect the bowel wall? what does it cause? what is an important description of the disease pathology
Crohn disease: most frequently in terminal ileum. Distribution : Skip lesions Bowel wall: thick, stenotic, causes fissure/ fistula: NONCASEATING Granulomas!! Mucosal ulcer COBBLESTONE, disease tissue is lower than normal tissue
69
Describe ulcerative colitis
ulcerative colitis is in the COLON and RECTUM ONLY! mucosal disease. contiguous lesions, rare in oral cavity
70
describe the pathologic findings of ulcerative colitis
rectal and proximal colon, continuous pseudo polyps w mucosal ulceration
71
describe the oral involvement of ulcerative colitis
RARE oral involvement! scattered arc shaped pustules on red mucosa at multiple oral sites w variable severity: SNAIL TRACK= pyrostomatitis vegetans (May also be seen in crohns pts) long standing lesions may become granular, polypod, or fissured and mimic crons disease 10% of pts develop IBD associated arthritis of TMJ
72
what is pseudomembranous colitis
AB associated colitis caused by C difficile
73
What are benign stomach tumors called? what can they be?
benign stomach tumors: leiomyomas which can be inflammatory or reactive
74
What % of malign stomach tumors are adenocarcinoma? lymphoma? carcinoid? spindle cell tumors?
adenocarcinoma= 90-95% lymphoma: 4% carcinoid: 3% spindle cell tumors: 2%
75
What is responsible for 3% of all cancer deaths? whats its path of incidence? what are the risks for this cancer? 5 year survival rate?
3% of all cancer deaths - Gastric carcinoma Incidence and mortality decreasing risks: regional variation due to diet (nitrites), genetics, adenoma, chronic gastritis and H plyori if advanced only 10% survival
76
what is the prognosis of gastric carcinoma based on? | Where does gastric carcinoma metastize to?
Prognosis is based on depth of invasion, metastasis | Gastric carcinoma metastizes to the liver, lung, ovaries, supraclavicular lymph nodes= Virchow's node
77
Gastric Cancer pathology
Diffuse SIGNET ring cells
78
what is the 2nd cause of cancer death and is the most common malignancy of the GI tract, what percent of USA cancer deaths? what is a description of this cancer
2nd cause of cancer death- colon adenocarcinoma= 15% of all cancers deaths in USA= most common malignancy of GI tract very heterogenous group of cancer
79
What are the most important prognostic indications of Colon adenocarcinoma?
colon adenocarcinoma based on stage! based on depth of invasion and lymph node metastases
80
what are the risk factors for colorectal cancer?
HIGH fat low fiber diet! older than 50. personal history, familial history, inflammatory bowel disease, Hereditary colon cancer syndromes like FAP
81
Pathologically Colon adenocarcinoma is associated with what feature
Napkin Ring left sided cancer
82
What s the TNM classification
T: depth of tumor invasion N: lymph node involvement M: metastasis HIGHer stage= lower survival!!
83
What are the levels of the T in the TNM classification
T= depth of tumor invasion 1. submucosa 2. muscularis propria 3. subserous or prevocalic fat 4. continguous structures

Pathology Sp 16 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions