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DSU PTA (Special clientele) final > FINAL flashcards > Flashcards

FINAL flashcards

1
Q

What are some characteristics of a benign growth?

A
  • does not metastasize
  • grow slowly
  • well defined capsule
  • not invasive
  • well differentiated
  • low mitotic index
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2
Q

What are some characteristics of a malignant growth?

A
  • rapid growth
  • not encapsulated
  • invasive
  • poorly differentiated
  • high mitotic index
  • spreads
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3
Q

What are examples of benign tumors?

A

Lipoma
Hemangioma
Leiomyoma
Chondroma

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4
Q

What are the TMN stages of cancer?

A

Stage 1: Confined to organ of origin
Stage 2: Locally invasive
Stage 3: Spread to lymph nodes
Stage 4: Spread to distant sites

CIS special case

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5
Q

What cancer stage would it be if the cancer is confined to organ of origin?

A

stage 1

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6
Q

What cancer stage would it be if the cancer is locally invasive?

A

stage 2

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7
Q

What cancer stage would it be if the cancer has spread the lymph nodes?

A

stage 3

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8
Q

What cancer stage would it be if the cancer has spread to distant areas of the body?

A

stage 4

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9
Q

Neoplasia

A

abnormal proliferation cells with high degrees of autonomy

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10
Q

Anaplasia

A

lack of differentiation, primitive cells

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11
Q

Autonomy

A

cancer cells independent from normal cell control

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12
Q

Markers

A

substances produced by cancer cells

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13
Q

What are some examples of environmental risk factors for cancer?

A 
Tobacco 
Radiation 
Alcohol 
Sexual behavior (HPV) 
Diet
Obesity 
Occupational hazards
Electromagnetic fields?
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14
Q

What can we modify our treatment for someone on chemo?

A

Decrease intensity, in order to not fatigue the patients

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15
Q

Tissue after radiation?

A

the tissues becomes fibrotic and hard

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16
Q

PH of skin

A

4.5-5-5

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17
Q

Vital functions of skin

A
  • Regulating temp
  • Sensations: touch, pressure, and pain
  • Preventing loss of body fluids
  • Excretory organ
  • Interface
  • Prevents invasion
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18
Q

What are some age related changes that occur to the epithelium?

A

Sweat glands diminish
Epithelial and fatty layers atrophy
Collagen and elastin shrink and degenerate
Decrease 1 percent per year of adult life

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19
Q

When there is a pressure wound where does the most damage occur? superficially or deeper?

A
  • Deeper muscle tissue can be necrotic before damage to the overlying tissue is apparent
  • If time pressure threshold is exceed damage can occur even after the pressure has been relieved
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20
Q

HOTSPOTS

A 
Heels 
Occiput 
Toes
Sacrum 
Posterior buttcheek 
Occipital protuberance
Thoracic spine 
Scapula
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21
Q

Shear

A

mechanical force that is parallel

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22
Q

Macerated skin is ____ more likely to become ulcerated?

A

5 times

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23
Q

What are the wound healing processes?

A

primary intention
delayed primary intention
second intention

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24
Q

WOUND HEALING: primary healing

A

wound has little to no tissue loss (Body is healing itself)

25
Q

WOUND HEALING: delayed primary intention

A

healing occurs when significant tissue loss can be repaired surgically with a skin or mm graft

26
Q

WOUND HEALING: secondary intention

A

describes the process of healing a wound without the benefit of surgery

27
Q

Scar tissue is stronger than normal skin T/F?

A

FALSE- scar tissue will never have the same strength

28
Q

Induration

A

tissue firmness that may occur around a wound margin

29
Q

Erythema

A

inflammatory redness of the skin due to engorged capillaries

30
Q

Maceration

A

wet skin

31
Q

Undermining

A

tunneling effect or pocket occurring under the pressure ulcers edges or margins

32
Q

Slough

A

nonviable tissue is loosely attached

33
Q

Eschar

A

nonviable dead wound (black)

34
Q

Granulation

A

formation in wounds of soft, pink, fleshy projections consisting of capillaries surrounded by fibrous collagen

35
Q

Pressure wound stages

A

Stage 1: Intact skin non-blanchable
Stage 2:Partial thickness loss of dermis where you can see a shallow open ulcer without slough. Intact or open serum filled blister.
Stage 3: Full thickness tissue loss, subq fat may be visible, but no bone or mm. Slough. Undermining and tunneling
Stage 4: Full thickness with exposed bone, tendon, or mm
UNSTAGABLE: covered by eschar, can’t be stages

36
Q

Stage 1 pressure wound treatment

A
  • Remove the pressure
  • Do not rub or massage prominence
  • Do not use donuts
37
Q

Stage 2 pressure wound treatment

A
  • Remove pressure
  • Keep clean
  • Keep blisters intact if possible
  • Cover with light dressing if ulcer is open (DAILY)
38
Q

Stage 3 pressure wound treatment

A
  • Remove pressure
  • Eliminate slough
  • Manage exudate
  • Monitor for infection
  • Treat pain
39
Q

Stage 4 pressure wound treatment

A
  • Remove pressure
  • Eliminate slough or eschar
  • Manage exudate
  • Treat pain
  • Monitor for infection
40
Q

transparent film

A
  • Allows oxygen penetration
  • Autolytic debridement
  • Good for stage 1-2
41
Q

Foam

A
  • Non occlusive
  • Highly absorbent
  • Up to 7 days
  • NOT FOR DRY WOUNDs
42
Q

What dressings should we use to manage exudate?

A
  • foam

- alginates

43
Q

What should we use to eliminate slough?

A

Autolytic, enzymatic or sharp debridement

44
Q

Hydrocolloids

A
  • swells with exudate
  • Waterproof—helps with autolytic debridement
  • Use on shallow stage II pressure ulcers
  • Can trap moisture under the dressing causing maceration
45
Q

Hydrogels

A
  • Applied to base of the wound to soften eschar
  • Use in wounds that are dry, contain hard
    eschar
  • Provide some soothing, pain relieving
    properties
  • CON: require secondary dressing
46
Q

Alginates

A
  • Seaweed based woven fibers: exudate
  • Highly absorbent
  • Can be left in wound bed for several days
  • Require a secondary dressing
  • Good on highly draining stage III and IV ulcer
47
Q

What are some signs of a arterial insufficiency ulcer?

A
  • painful
  • red
  • no drainage
  • well defined edges
48
Q

What are some signs of a venous insufficiency ulcer?

A
  • not painful
  • drainage
  • irregular edges
  • shallow
49
Q

How to you treat a arterial venous insufficiency?

A

LOWERING the LEGS

no compression

50
Q

Examples of selective debridement?

A

Enzymatic
autolytic
maggots

51
Q

Examples of non-selective debridement?

A

Wet to dry

whirlpool

52
Q

RULES of 9’s

A 
Head 9 
Chest 9 
Stomach: 9 
Front of arms 4.5 
Whole arm would be 9 
Genitals 1 
Front of leg 9 
Back of leg 9
53
Q

With what burn percentage is there a risk of dying?

A

over 25 percent of the body burned

54
Q

Burn degrees?

A

1st degree burn: Skin is red
2nd degree partial thickness: Blisters
3rd degree full thickness : Charring

55
Q

What is the difference between keloids and hypertrophic scaring?

A

Keloids grow beyond the original wound boundary compared to hypertrophic scarring which stays WITHIN the wound boundaries

56
Q

Pelvic floor grades of severity

A
  1. Discomfort
  2. Frequently limits intercourse
  3. Incapacitating problem, abstinence
57
Q

What percentage of women do not seek pelvic floor health?

A

60 percent

58
Q

What is the most important pelvic floor exercise?

A

KEGALS

59
Q

Diastasis exercises?

A 
Bridging 
Pelvic tilts
Dead bug
Braced crutch 
Pank

DSU PTA (Special clientele) final (2 decks)

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