Final flash cards
1
Q
What is DNA
A
DNA a molecule that contains instructions that are passed down generations
2
Q
Where is DNA found
A
In the nucleus of a cell.
3
Q
How is DNA packaged in the nucleus
A
It’s packaged as a chromosome
4
Q
How much DNA doe’s the offspring get from they’re parents
A
They get 1/2 from the dad, and the other 1/2 from the mother
5
Q
What are the nitrogen bases in DNA
A
Adenine,thymine,guanine,cytosine
6
Q
What does DNA do
A
It makes the instructions to make proteins that are called genes
7
Q
What are the nitrogen bases pairs
A
AT, CG
8
Q
Can DNA replicate itself?
A
Yes
9
Q
How is DNA stored
A
In Chromatin
10
Q
What are the steps of protein synthesis in order
A
Transcription, Translation
11
Q
What happens in Transcription
A
DNA unzips,
At the start Codon of one strand of DNA, a single strand of mRNA is copied,
mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribsome, then the DNA turns into a double helix
12
Q
What are the RNA pairings
A
DNA C+ RNA G
DNA G+ RNA C
DNA T+ RNA A
DNA A+ RNA U
13
Q
What are the 2 functions of proteins
A
Structural and functional
14
Q
What happens in Translation
A
The ribosome attaches to the mRNA and tarts to read the code, Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings in amino acids and chains them together, The long chain of amino acids then goes to the Golgi body where it is packaged and shaped into a protein.
15
Q
What’s a codon
A
A triplet mRNA code
16
Q
What are the bases on a codon
A
G,U,A,C
17
Q
What’s a pedigree
A
A graphic representation of a family’s traits that have been passed down. They use Roman numerals to show what generation each family is
18
Q
How are traits determined
A
By the genes of chromosomes
19
Q
What’s a homologous pair
A
Matching genes.
20
Q
What’s a dominant gene
A
A gene that prevents the other gene from being seen
21
Q
What’s a recessive gene
A
A gene that does not show even though it’s present
22
Q
What are the capitalization of homozygous/ heterozygous pairs?
A
TT is dominant, tt is recessive, Tt is heterozygous
23
Q
What’s a heterozygous pair
A
Opposite genes
24
Q
What’s a genotype
A
genetic makeup
25
What’s a phenotype
Appearance of a particular physical characteristic
26
What does the Punnett square do
Predict the genetic makeup of offspring
27
Explain codominance
When both alleles are expressed (EX; a black hen and a white rooster give birth to a “checkered chick)
28
Explain incomplete dominance
When one allele isn’t completely dominant (EX; a red carnation and a white carnation produce a pink carnation (it blended like paint)
29
Explain sex linked traits
Alleles that where carried from a parent ( a mother who has colour blindness marries a man who has normal vision and produce a child that also has colourblindness)
30
Explain multiple alleles
The alleles that decide what your blood type will be
31
What are the types of blood
A, B, AB, O
32
What is IaIa/Iaia
A blood
33
What is IbIb/Ibib
B blood
34
What is IaIb
AB blood
35
What is i i
O blood
36
What do mutations do the bases in dna
Change the letters around
37
What are the 2 types of mutations
Gene and chromosomal mutations
38
What’s the WORST kind of mutation
Frameshift
39
What can make a mutation worse
If it starts at the beginning of the gene sequence
40
What kinds of mutations are there
Insertion, substitution, deletion
41
What are the 4 chromosomal mutations
Deletion, transicotain (transfer), duplication, inversion
42
Are DNA mutations worse than chromosomal mutations
No
43
What’s a mutagen
A outside factor that causes a mutation
44
What is natural selection
Where the organism changed due to changes in its environment
45
What is artificial selection
Where humans changed the organism to better suit their own needs
46
What is in the nucleus
Protons and neutrons
47
How are compounds made
By atoms gaining or loosing electrons to become balanced (fill the valence shell)
48
What is a Bohr diagram
A diagram that shows how many electrons re in the shell
49
What’s a Lewis diagram
They represent ions and ionic bonds
50
How do find out what the electron count is of a element
The last digit of the elements group on the periodic table (EX; B is group 13, so it has 3 electrons)
51
How do you make a Lewis diagram for a metal and non metal compound (ionic compound)
You make one of the elements loose or gain electrons for the others to be balanced. You also add brackets and include the charge.
52
How do you make a Lewis diagram of a non metal compound (covalent bond)
You make the electrons balanced, and if there are 2 combined “dots” you turn them into a line, 4 dots = 2 lines, so on
53
Do negative-positive attract or repel
Attract
54
Do positive-positive/negative-negative atta=react or repel
Repel
55
What are ionic compounds made of
Positive and negative ions
56
What’s a synthesis reaction
Two or more reactants form to make a compound (get married) (A+B=AB)
57
What’s a decomposition reaction
Compound breaks down (divorce) (BC=B+C)
58
What’s a single replacement reaction
When a reaction replaces one element (found someone else) (A+BC=B+AC)
59
What’s a double replacement
When two elements between two compounds react (swingers) (AB+CD=CB+AD)
60
What’s a neutralization
When an acid and a base form to make salt and water (HX+MOH=MX+HOH)
61
How are acids measured
The PH scale
62
How is the PH scale showing if the acid is acidic or basic
PH below 7= acidic, PH above 7= basic
63
What is PH 7
Neutral
64
How is the PH found
By using a indicator that will usually change colour depending on the solution
65
What are bases often found in
Cleaning supplies and other related things
66
What are acidics often found in
Food
67
How are salts formed
When a acid and a base react
68
What is salt made out of
A metal ion from a base and non metal ion from an acid
69
What are the 7 energies
Kinetic, sound, thermal, magnetic, elastic, electric, motion
70
What’s a system
Anything that’s under observation
71
What’s the surroundings
Anything that’s not involved in a system
72
Definition of kinetic energy
Energy of motion
73
Definition of potential energy
Stored energy
74
Is it possible for a system to have multiple energy’s
Yes
75
Explain the Law Of Conversation of Energy
Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but is transformed or transferred
76
How is all energy that is converged not 100% useful
Some may be used for the intended purpose, but the side effects where not intended and may not be wanted (light from a light bulb is wanted, heat is not)
77
What does energy do in a chemical reaction
Transform
78
What’s exothermic
Heat coming out, hotter than surroundings, hot
79
What’s endothermic
Heat going in, cooler than surroundings, cold
80
What’s celluar resporation
When glucose and oxygen react to make carbon dioxide, water, and energy. This is a energy transfer
81
What uses celluar resporation
Animals and plants
82
Where is the energy stored during a celluar resporation
Adenine triphosphate (ATP)
83
Explain Phytosynthesis
Reaction where water and carbon dioxide as well as light energy combine to make glucose and oxygen
84
What organisms phytosyntheize
Plants, algae, and some micro organisms
85
Where is the energy stored
Mitocondria
86
What’s the full name of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid
87
What is protein synthesis
A process where proteins are made
88
What holds up dna
Sugar and phosphate
89
What’s mRNA
A messenger that carries DNA information to the ribsome
90
What’s tRNA
It’s the RNA that takes amino acids and chains them together
91
What’s a ribosome
It binds mRNA and tRNA to synthesize proteins
92
Where is translation taking place
In the ribosome that’s also in the cytoplasm
93
Give 3 important functions for proteins
Building blocks of cells
Cell messengers
Catalysts for chemical reactions
94
What would happen if a segment of DNA didn’t have a start codon
Protein wouldn’t be made when its copied
95
What is the mutagen that causes cancer called
Carcinogens
96
How does cancer happen
Cells will reproduce out of control thanks to a mutation, and turn into a tumor
97
Explain gene therapy
Correct a genetic disorder by inserting a “healthy” gene
98
What is genetic engineering
Technology that can manipulate genes
99
What’s a transgenic organism
A organism that has had its genes altered
100
What’s a restrictive enzyme
They cut DNA at specific spots
101
What does DNA have when cut
Sticky ends that will be sticked to other ends of DNA
102
What’s a vector
A virus that will carry a gene to the desired location
103
Explain the process of genetic engineering
They will cut out the desired gene using restrictive enzymes, and sticky ends will form and be attached to other ends of DNA.
They will then put the gene in a vector, that acts like a taxi and takes the gene to its needed location.
It will infect the cell with the vector, and the vector will then insert/drop-off the gene into the cell (also know as genome)
104
What’s cloning
Process of making identical genetic copies
105
What is the similarity that artificial and natural selection have
A change happens to the organism
106
What does GMO stand for
Genetically modified organism
107
What’s the capitalization for homozygous Dominant
AA
108
What’s the capitalization for homozygous recessive
aa
109
What’s the capitalization for heterozygous
Aa
110
What’s a genotypic ratio
Looks at genes (EX; 1BB: 2Bb: 1bb)
111
What’s a phenotypic ratio
Looks at physical characteristics (EX; 3 red: 1 white)
