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Final flash cards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is DNA

A

DNA a molecule that contains instructions that are passed down generations

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2
Q

Where is DNA found

A

In the nucleus of a cell.

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3
Q

How is DNA packaged in the nucleus

A

It’s packaged as a chromosome

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4
Q

How much DNA doe’s the offspring get from they’re parents

A

They get 1/2 from the dad, and the other 1/2 from the mother

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5
Q

What are the nitrogen bases in DNA

A

Adenine,thymine,guanine,cytosine

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6
Q

What does DNA do

A

It makes the instructions to make proteins that are called genes

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7
Q

What are the nitrogen bases pairs

A

AT, CG

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8
Q

Can DNA replicate itself?

A

Yes

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9
Q

How is DNA stored

A

In Chromatin

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10
Q

What are the steps of protein synthesis in order

A

Transcription, Translation

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11
Q

What happens in Transcription

A

DNA unzips,
At the start Codon of one strand of DNA, a single strand of mRNA is copied,
mRNA leaves the nucleus and goes to the ribsome, then the DNA turns into a double helix

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12
Q

What are the RNA pairings

A

DNA C+ RNA G
DNA G+ RNA C
DNA T+ RNA A
DNA A+ RNA U

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13
Q

What are the 2 functions of proteins

A

Structural and functional

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14
Q

What happens in Translation

A 
The ribosome attaches to the mRNA and tarts to read the code,
Transfer RNA (tRNA) brings in amino acids and chains them together,
The long chain of amino acids then goes to the Golgi body where it is packaged and shaped into a protein.
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15
Q

What’s a codon

A

A triplet mRNA code

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16
Q

What are the bases on a codon

A

G,U,A,C

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17
Q

What’s a pedigree

A

A graphic representation of a family’s traits that have been passed down. They use Roman numerals to show what generation each family is

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18
Q

How are traits determined

A

By the genes of chromosomes

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19
Q

What’s a homologous pair

A

Matching genes.

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20
Q

What’s a dominant gene

A

A gene that prevents the other gene from being seen

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21
Q

What’s a recessive gene

A

A gene that does not show even though it’s present

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22
Q

What are the capitalization of homozygous/ heterozygous pairs?

A

TT is dominant, tt is recessive, Tt is heterozygous

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23
Q

What’s a heterozygous pair

A

Opposite genes

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24
Q

What’s a genotype

A

genetic makeup

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25
Q

What’s a phenotype

A

Appearance of a particular physical characteristic

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26
Q

What does the Punnett square do

A

Predict the genetic makeup of offspring

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27
Q

Explain codominance

A

When both alleles are expressed (EX; a black hen and a white rooster give birth to a “checkered chick)

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28
Q

Explain incomplete dominance

A

When one allele isn’t completely dominant (EX; a red carnation and a white carnation produce a pink carnation (it blended like paint)

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29
Q

Explain sex linked traits

A

Alleles that where carried from a parent ( a mother who has colour blindness marries a man who has normal vision and produce a child that also has colourblindness)

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30
Q

Explain multiple alleles

A

The alleles that decide what your blood type will be

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31
Q

What are the types of blood

A

A, B, AB, O

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32
Q

What is IaIa/Iaia

A

A blood

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33
Q

What is IbIb/Ibib

A

B blood

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34
Q

What is IaIb

A

AB blood

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35
Q

What is i i

A

O blood

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36
Q

What do mutations do the bases in dna

A

Change the letters around

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37
Q

What are the 2 types of mutations

A

Gene and chromosomal mutations

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38
Q

What’s the WORST kind of mutation

A

Frameshift

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39
Q

What can make a mutation worse

A

If it starts at the beginning of the gene sequence

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40
Q

What kinds of mutations are there

A

Insertion, substitution, deletion

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41
Q

What are the 4 chromosomal mutations

A

Deletion, transicotain (transfer), duplication, inversion

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42
Q

Are DNA mutations worse than chromosomal mutations

A

No

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43
Q

What’s a mutagen

A

A outside factor that causes a mutation

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44
Q

What is natural selection

A

Where the organism changed due to changes in its environment

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45
Q

What is artificial selection

A

Where humans changed the organism to better suit their own needs

46
Q

What is in the nucleus

A

Protons and neutrons

47
Q

How are compounds made

A

By atoms gaining or loosing electrons to become balanced (fill the valence shell)

48
Q

What is a Bohr diagram

A

A diagram that shows how many electrons re in the shell

49
Q

What’s a Lewis diagram

A

They represent ions and ionic bonds

50
Q

How do find out what the electron count is of a element

A

The last digit of the elements group on the periodic table (EX; B is group 13, so it has 3 electrons)

51
Q

How do you make a Lewis diagram for a metal and non metal compound (ionic compound)

A

You make one of the elements loose or gain electrons for the others to be balanced. You also add brackets and include the charge.

52
Q

How do you make a Lewis diagram of a non metal compound (covalent bond)

A

You make the electrons balanced, and if there are 2 combined “dots” you turn them into a line, 4 dots = 2 lines, so on

53
Q

Do negative-positive attract or repel

A

Attract

54
Q

Do positive-positive/negative-negative atta=react or repel

A

Repel

55
Q

What are ionic compounds made of

A

Positive and negative ions

56
Q

What’s a synthesis reaction

A

Two or more reactants form to make a compound (get married) (A+B=AB)

57
Q

What’s a decomposition reaction

A

Compound breaks down (divorce) (BC=B+C)

58
Q

What’s a single replacement reaction

A

When a reaction replaces one element (found someone else) (A+BC=B+AC)

59
Q

What’s a double replacement

A

When two elements between two compounds react (swingers) (AB+CD=CB+AD)

60
Q

What’s a neutralization

A

When an acid and a base form to make salt and water (HX+MOH=MX+HOH)

61
Q

How are acids measured

A

The PH scale

62
Q

How is the PH scale showing if the acid is acidic or basic

A

PH below 7= acidic, PH above 7= basic

63
Q

What is PH 7

A

Neutral

64
Q

How is the PH found

A

By using a indicator that will usually change colour depending on the solution

65
Q

What are bases often found in

A

Cleaning supplies and other related things

66
Q

What are acidics often found in

A

Food

67
Q

How are salts formed

A

When a acid and a base react

68
Q

What is salt made out of

A

A metal ion from a base and non metal ion from an acid

69
Q

What are the 7 energies

A

Kinetic, sound, thermal, magnetic, elastic, electric, motion

70
Q

What’s a system

A

Anything that’s under observation

71
Q

What’s the surroundings

A

Anything that’s not involved in a system

72
Q

Definition of kinetic energy

A

Energy of motion

73
Q

Definition of potential energy

A

Stored energy

74
Q

Is it possible for a system to have multiple energy’s

A

Yes

75
Q

Explain the Law Of Conversation of Energy

A

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed, but is transformed or transferred

76
Q

How is all energy that is converged not 100% useful

A

Some may be used for the intended purpose, but the side effects where not intended and may not be wanted (light from a light bulb is wanted, heat is not)

77
Q

What does energy do in a chemical reaction

A

Transform

78
Q

What’s exothermic

A

Heat coming out, hotter than surroundings, hot

79
Q

What’s endothermic

A

Heat going in, cooler than surroundings, cold

80
Q

What’s celluar resporation

A

When glucose and oxygen react to make carbon dioxide, water, and energy. This is a energy transfer

81
Q

What uses celluar resporation

A

Animals and plants

82
Q

Where is the energy stored during a celluar resporation

A

Adenine triphosphate (ATP)

83
Q

Explain Phytosynthesis

A

Reaction where water and carbon dioxide as well as light energy combine to make glucose and oxygen

84
Q

What organisms phytosyntheize

A

Plants, algae, and some micro organisms

85
Q

Where is the energy stored

A

Mitocondria

86
Q

What’s the full name of DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

87
Q

What is protein synthesis

A

A process where proteins are made

88
Q

What holds up dna

A

Sugar and phosphate

89
Q

What’s mRNA

A

A messenger that carries DNA information to the ribsome

90
Q

What’s tRNA

A

It’s the RNA that takes amino acids and chains them together

91
Q

What’s a ribosome

A

It binds mRNA and tRNA to synthesize proteins

92
Q

Where is translation taking place

A

In the ribosome that’s also in the cytoplasm

93
Q

Give 3 important functions for proteins

A

Building blocks of cells
Cell messengers
Catalysts for chemical reactions

94
Q

What would happen if a segment of DNA didn’t have a start codon

A

Protein wouldn’t be made when its copied

95
Q

What is the mutagen that causes cancer called

A

Carcinogens

96
Q

How does cancer happen

A

Cells will reproduce out of control thanks to a mutation, and turn into a tumor

97
Q

Explain gene therapy

A

Correct a genetic disorder by inserting a “healthy” gene

98
Q

What is genetic engineering

A

Technology that can manipulate genes

99
Q

What’s a transgenic organism

A

A organism that has had its genes altered

100
Q

What’s a restrictive enzyme

A

They cut DNA at specific spots

101
Q

What does DNA have when cut

A

Sticky ends that will be sticked to other ends of DNA

102
Q

What’s a vector

A

A virus that will carry a gene to the desired location

103
Q

Explain the process of genetic engineering

A

They will cut out the desired gene using restrictive enzymes, and sticky ends will form and be attached to other ends of DNA.
They will then put the gene in a vector, that acts like a taxi and takes the gene to its needed location.
It will infect the cell with the vector, and the vector will then insert/drop-off the gene into the cell (also know as genome)

104
Q

What’s cloning

A

Process of making identical genetic copies

105
Q

What is the similarity that artificial and natural selection have

A

A change happens to the organism

106
Q

What does GMO stand for

A

Genetically modified organism

107
Q

What’s the capitalization for homozygous Dominant

A

AA

108
Q

What’s the capitalization for homozygous recessive

A

aa

109
Q

What’s the capitalization for heterozygous

A

Aa

110
Q

What’s a genotypic ratio

A

Looks at genes (EX; 1BB: 2Bb: 1bb)

111
Q

What’s a phenotypic ratio

A

Looks at physical characteristics (EX; 3 red: 1 white)

Science, final edition (1 decks)

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