Final Flash Cards

Question 1

Reconquista

Answer 1

Reconquest, Captures triumphant mindset of Spain and militaristic mindset of span in their retaking of both Granada and the Americas.

Question 2

Taino

Answer 2

Indigenous people of the islands Columbus landed on. They were Arawak people. ~ 1.5 million people living in the islands. Spanish transliteration of the word the indigenous people described themselves as. Did not have written forms of communication. Were not an economically or politically advanced group. Did not have advanced agricultural. They were village people at best and were fisherman. Not representative of all indian societies. Since they were the first people the Spanish encountered, they believed all indians were like this.

Question 3

Columbian Exhange

Answer 3

Exchange of plants, animals, and microbes after []. Great impacts on human society.
Plants: Plant exchange was almost unequal. Europeans brought weeds to Americas that were hardier and began to interfere with Indian farming. Americas gave Europe crops like corn, potatoes, tobacco, beans, squash, peppers, etc.
Animals: Europe brought pigs, cattle, horses to the Americas. They caused havoc to native agriculture because of the European practice of not fencing in their animals. Introduction of these animals had a long lasting impact.
Disease: Smallpox, flu, malaria had the largest impact on native populations. Both direct and indirect exposure to the disease killed many. Syphilis went from the Americas to Europe. Europe was already exposed to many more microbes than the native indians. Europe also had domesticated animals that also exposed them to microbes that helped build their immune system while native amiercans didnt.

Question 4

Headright System

Answer 4

Allowed an individual to patent 50 acres of land for every immigrant passage they would pay for. Encouraged people to import laborers with a land reward. Indentured servants were contracted for several years and the owners were supposed to teach them how to read and write but often didnt.

Question 5

Law of Descent

Answer 5

Dealt with whether or not one was a slave at birth. Derived from Roman civil law that dealt with slavery. In roman civil law, the line of slavery was passed on through the mother ie if mother was a slave then you are born a slave. Before 1662 patrial line was more significant, father was more important. In Virginia, 1662, the legislature goes against the current english civil code. They determined that if mother was a slave any children born to her is a slave, but if she were free the child was also free. Allowed for the perpetuation of slaves in Virginia. Without this law it is possible slavery would not have grown as it did. Allowed for the literal reproduction of a slave labor force. This was intended to ensure slavery as an institution in North America. Dont pass fully fledged slave code until 1675.

Question 6

“Great Migration”

Answer 6

Movement of people from England to New England near Boston between 1630 to 1632. About 20000 people migrated to this area.

Question 7

Roger Williams

Answer 7

Roger Williams arrives in Boston in 1631 and immediately begins to cause problems.He moves to Plymouth but is dissatisfied with religious life in 1633-1635.Moves back to Boston and again begins causing problems in 1635. 1636 - he flees to Narragansett Bay to found the colony of Rhode Island because he said the King of England was a bad Christian.Established colony based on separation of Church and state - colony will not punish anyone solely for matters of religious conscience.Rhode Island was first colony to establish laws of freedom of religion.

Question 8

Toleration/Tolerance

Answer 8

Toleration we leave people alone to do their own thing. Tolerance we embrace the fact that we are all different.

Question 9

Palatine Boors

Answer 9

Palatine was a region in Germany, Franklin uses this term to animalize Germans and compare them to boars. Mass migration of Palatines occurred in 1710 from England.

Question 10

Competency

Answer 10

A certain amount of economic security that would help families weather difficult times and perhaps if they were lucky pass along some modicum of property to their children. Main goal was not to get a huge profit.

Question 11

George Whitefield

Answer 11

July 1739, readers of the Pennsylvania Gazette began to read about a man named George Whitefield . Preacher leading massive outdoor revivals. Lead a meeting with 10000 people in one account and 30000 people by another. His journal, of his travels and voyage, was published by Benjamin Franklin. The journal sells. October 30, 1739 Whitefield arrives in Delaware. Known as the divine dramatist in England. Everywhere he went, his arrival upset the social order. Doctrine he preached of a second birth, was often contradictory to what was being preached by local ministers. Known as a peddler of divinity, because he wanted to make money off of people’s religion.

Question 12

Great Awakening

Answer 12

Whitefield’s arrival kicked off the great awakening. It was an intercolonial religious revival, started in the late 1730s and continues into the late 1740s. Helped foster a communications boom. Printing boom during the great awakening.

Question 13

Consumer Revolution

Answer 13

Time when colonizers were buying more stuff and a greater portion of the colonists were able to buy more stuff. Happened in the 1750s and 1760s. The wealth that allows Carolinas to buy goods comes from the labor of enslaved men and women. GDP per person in the Carolinas was something like 4 times that in New England.

Question 14

Aglicization

Answer 14

The process of becoming more British. Colonists were becoming more and more like the British. Happens through the greater reading of British books, acquiring British goods, getting British news. At the same time they were becoming more and more like each other because if everyone is reading the same books and news, they will all start having similar viewpoints.

Question 15

William Pitt

Answer 15

Becomes DeFacto War Governor in 1757. Essentially takes over conduct of the war in 1757. Made important change in government’s relations to the colonies. Before Pitt military took a high handed approach with colonists. They would essentially just walk in and demand everything. Pitt however, invited the colonists to participate in the war effort. Promised them that if they gave money, the military would pay the colonists back after the war is over. Made the colonists feel more British. Pitt also gave people who fought in militia certain privileges, officers in militia should be treated in the same way as those in the British army. After the war is over, colonists, revered Pitt due to his policy changes.

Question 16

Stamp Act

Answer 16

passed in 1765. Mandated that all paper goods were required to have a taxed stamp on them. Was to go into effect in 1765. Colonists were very unhappy when they received news that the stamp act was passed. Led to violence. Most colonies were posting resistance to the stamp act. Crowds in seaports protested violently, they even attacked stamp masters. Violence was so great, many stamp masters throughout the colonies stepped down. The average British citizen in England was taxed significantly higher than British Americans. Colonists rejected the act on ideological grounds, because they felt like they were being treated like second class citizens. Led colonizers to begin to question parliamentary sovereignty. Government english believed ruled by consent of the people. Idea that only form of legitimate government was one in which the citizens chose those who ruled. North Americans embraced this idea. North American citizens did not have elected representatives in parliament.

Question 17

Non-importation

Answer 17

Colonial traders would not import British goods. Local merchants would not sell British imported goods. Consumers would not buy British imported goods. A form of protest over the Townsend Acts. Marked a significant departure from standard colonial practice. Engaged a wider portion of colonial society that had previously been involved with political life. Greater diversity in population, people from different social levels, were involved. The second dimension, the non-importation movement involved the most significant intercolonial participation yet. The movement lasted for 2 years.

Question 18

Coercive Acts

Answer 18

1774, Shut down Boston port, shut down the Massachusetts assembly until those involved in the Boston Tea Party were apprehended. Removed rights and led to a call for an intercontinental congress.

Question 19

Black “Loyalists”

Answer 19

Individuals who fought for the British during the revolution, they were not however fighting for some great allegiance to the British. Fought for the crown for different reason than white loyalists. African slavery in 1776 was present in all colonies. Slavery will be barred in just one state in 1780 in their constitution. In the North enslaved African American sent a petition to a governor. They borrowed revolutionary language to sue for their freedom. During the war, many African Americans in the North tried to display their patriotism publicly to gain their freedom. Northern state legislatures prohibited by law to allow blacks or indians from enrolling in militia. Many states colonial state legislature bend rules and send black and indians to fight. Many owners in the North send their slaves instead and they would say if the slaves fought on their masters behalf, they would get their freedom. This did not happen in the South. In early year, Continental Army in the south was doing badly. South of New England most enslaved people sided with Britain. British were willing to give slaves their freedom in the south if they fled to British lines, which made slaves in the south to side with the British and not the Americans. Black loyalists faced problems that white loyalists faced but worse. Enslaved peoples were likely to be subjected to severe punishment if they were not freed. Enslaved Africans siding with the British also fought for their freedom. Slaves fighting for the crown were very much fighting for independence in much the same way as white rebels were.

Question 20

Articles of Confederation

Answer 20

Constitutional document that established the national government of the United States. In effect from 1778-1788. First constitutional document that governed the states. Notable for creating a very weak central government. Gave a great deal of power to the states. One of the most problematic things it did was it gave each state an equal vote in the continental congress. Gave government the power to request states for revenue but could not compel states to give revenue. People who had drafted the articles particularly hard to amend because they foresaw the people wanting to change the articles. Sectional differences exacerbated these problems. Winning of war gave US a lot of land, but it was not clear who got the land.

Question 21

James Madison

Answer 21

Foremost political philosopher of his day. Served in government on State level, served in Congress under the Articles of the Confederation. Had the most experience in the different levels of government of those who went to Constitutional Convention.

Question 22

Great Compromise

Answer 22

Agreement between large and small states to have a bicameral legislature. It also kept the idea of using proportional representation. At the Congressional convention 1787.

Question 23

3/5th Compromise

Answer 23

Population of each state to be enumerated every ten years, adding the number of free people and “three fifths of all other persons”. Slaves would still not have any rights under the constitution even though they were counted as population. Because of this compromise, up until the abolition of slavery, states with high slave populations had a vote that was worth more than those with low slave population states.

Question 24

Predestination

Answer 24

A doctrine that John Calvin, a French Protestant, gave central importance to. It is a theory that God decreed, even before creating the world, who will be saved and who will be damned. Because salvation and damnation were beyond human power to alter, Calvinists-especially English Puritans-felt a compelling inner need to find out whether they were saved. It was a doctrine that was carried over in 1620 by Puritans to New England

Question 25

Joint-stock Company

Answer 25

Resembles a modern corporation except that each stockholder had only one vote regardless of how many shares he owned. Individuals invested in the company through the purchase of shares. The first permanent English colonies in North America were established by joint-stock companies. In 1612, a third charter made the London Company a joint-stock company. The company adopted an ambitious reform program for Virginia which encouraged economic diversification, English common law replacement with martial law, allowing settlers to elect their own assembly, the House of Burgesses, to meet with governor and his council, make local laws, and allowed settlers to own land.

Question 26

Proprietary Colonies

Answer 26

A colony owned by an individual or individuals who had vast discretionary powers over the colony, Maryland was the first proprietary colony, but others were founded later. The Maryland charter of 1632 made Sir George Calvert, who was made Baron Baltimore by King James I, “lord proprietor” of the colony. This came close to making Baltimore king within Maryland. This was important because after 1630 most new colonial projects were proprietary colonies. This made many of them embody the social ideals of their founders.

Question 27

Mercantilism

Answer 27

A set of policies during the 17th century that more European powers followed. Mercantilists argued that power derived ultimately from the wealth of a country, that the increase of wealth required vigorous trade, and that colonies had become essential to growth.While the Dutch preferred virtual free trade within Europe, England preferred some kind of state regulation of the domestic and imperial economy. Greed fosters predictable behavior, namely the pursuit of self-interest. By creating economic incentives, a state could induce its people to work to increase not only their own wealth and power but also that of the whole country. By imposing import duties and other disincentives, the state could then discourage actions detrimental to its power.

Question 28

Mourning Wars

Answer 28

Indian wars started often by the widow or bereaved mother or sister of a deceased family member. Warrior relatives would launch raids and brought back captives to repair the loss. By the 1670s these wars became more and more prominent due to the devastation caused by European disease. The diseases magnified the need for captives and in turn greatly increased the intensity of wars among Indian peoples. The wars lead to changes for the indians as dependence on European weapons and cloth spread farther into the interior of the continent. The Indians gradually learned to use European weapons and began to abandon traditional skills becoming more and more dependent on European goods. Alcohol because a major social problem as well for the Indians.

Question 29

Dower Rights

Answer 29

The right of a widow to a portion of her deceased husband’s estate, usually one-third of the value of the estate. It was passed to their children upon her death. This was a change to previous inheritance practices. Until 1700 many Chesapeake widows inherited all of their husbands’ property and administered their own estates. After 1700 such arrangements were rare. During the 18th century English law gradually prevailed, women suffered losses.

Question 30

Gullah

Answer 30

A language spoken by newly imported African slaves. Originally, a simple second language for everyone who spoke it, but it gradually evolved into modern black English. The evolution of Gullah came with the slow assimilation of the task system into the British world. Slaves preferred the task system because it gave them more control over their own lives. This helped keep African words and customs longer in places like South Carolina where the task system was common. This allowed gullah to thrive and evolve. Gullah was used throughout the 18th century and continued after becoming the natural language of the later generations.

Question 31

Old Side

Answer 31

Antirevival Presbyterians. In the 1730s,most people particularly in New Jersey and Pennsylvania had never joined a church,the revivals, that were brought about by George Whitefield, prompted many people to join a church.

Question 32

Albany Congress

Answer 32

An intercolonial congress that met in Albany, New York in June 1754. The delegates urged the crown to assume direct control of indian relations beyond the settled boundaries of the colonies, and they drafted a plan of confederation for the continental colonies. No colony ratified it, nor did the Crown or Parliament accept it. The crown had ordered New York to host an intercolonial congress at Albany to redress Iroquois grievances. Franklin drafted and presented a plan for uniting the northern colonies that called for a “President General” to be appointed by the Crown as commander in chief and to administer the laws of the union, and for a “Grand Council” to be elected for three year terms by the lower houses of each colonies. The union would have power to raise soldiers, build forts, levy taxes, regulate indian trade, purchase land from the indians, and supervise western settlements until the crown organized them as new colonies. Plan and the surrender of Washington to the French at Great Meadows in July 1754 led Britain to decide that the colonies were incapable of uniting in their own defense and even if they could the precedent would be dangerous. This worry led London to send redcoats to Virginia. The Congress did achieve a major objective, it addressed Iroquois grievances against New York, London created two indian superintendencies.

Question 33

Proclamation of 1763

Answer 33

Issued by the Privy Council, it tried to prevent the colonists from encroaching upon Indian lands by prohibiting settlement west of the Appalachian watershed unless the government first purchased those lands by treaty. It also set up governments in Canada, Florida, and other conquered colonies, and it honored wartime commitments to the western Indians. Important because it caused a rift between Americans and the British. Americans wanted to continue pushing westward and settling new lands but the Proclamation did not allow that. May have played a role in beginning the future split from Britain.

Question 34

Virtual Representation

Answer 34

The English concept that Members of Parliament represented the entire empire, not just a local constituency and its voters. According to this theory, settlers were represented in Parliament in the same way that nonvoting subjects in Britain were represented. The colonists accepted virtual representation for nonvoting settlers within their colonies but denied that the term could describe their relationship with Parliament. This was a way in which George Grenville tried to persuade the settlers that the stamp act of 1764 would not be a constitutional innovation. He used this to argue that the the stamp act of 1764 was not taxation without representation. Virtual representation gave colonists fear that taxation by Parliament might tempt Britain to rule them without consulting their assemblies.

Question 35

Committees of Correspondence

Answer 35

Bodies formed on both the local and colonial levels that played an important role in exchanging ideas and information. They spread primarily anti-British material and were an important step in the first tentative unity of people in different colonies. Twelve colonies created committees of correspondence in 1772-1773. They were important because they were another step towards revolution. More colonists, even colonia moderates, now believed that the British government was conspiring to destroy liberty in America.

Question 36

Phillis Wheatley

Answer 36

Eight year old Phillis Wheatley arrived in Boston from Africa in 1761 and was sold as a slave to wealthy John and Susannah Wheatley. Susannah taught her to read and write, and in 1767 she published her first poem in Boston. In 1773, she visited London to celebrate the publication there of a volume of her poetry, an event that made her a transatlantic sensation. On her return to Boston, the Wheatleys emancipated her. She played a leading role in the early movement to abolish slavery. In her poems she deplored slavery but rejoiced in the Christianization of Africans. Some of her poems also supported the patriot cause in North America. With the publishing of her poems many of Boston’s blacks sense and opportunity of emancipation.

Question 37

Popular Sovereignty

Answer 37

The theory that all power must be derived from the people. Along with this came the concept that settlers of each territory would decide for themselves whether to allow slavery. The prospect of independence in 1776 touched off an intense debate among Americans on constitutionalism. By 1780 Americans knew what they meant when they insisted that the people of a republic must be their own governors.

Question 38

Northwest Ordinance

Answer 38

Established the Northwest Territory between the Ohio River and the Great Lakes. Adopted by the Confederation Congress in 1787, it abolished slavery in the territory and provided it be divided into three to five states that would eventually be admitted to the Union as full equals of the original thirteen. The ordinance thus rejected colonialism among white people except as a temporary phase through which a “territory” would pass on its way to statehood. Important because southern delegates all voted for the Northwest Ordinance despite its antislavery clause. This may have been due to their belief that most settlers would come from slave states and they in turn would bring with them southern loyalties. Also could have part of a larger Compromise of 1787 involving both the ordinance and the clauses on slavery in the federal Constitution. The antislavery concession to northerners in the ordinance being made at the same time the southern state won the three-fifths count concession in the Philadelphia Convention.

Question 39

Shays’s Rebellion

Answer 39

An uprising of farmers in western Massachusetts in the winter of 1786-1787 lead by a former Continental Army veteran, Captain Daniel Shays. They objected to high taxes and foreclosures for unpaid debts. Militia from eastern Massachusetts suppressed the rebels. After being scattered by a local militia, Shaysites won enough seats in the May assembly elections to pass a stay law to postpone the date on which debts would come due. The rebellion was important because in Massachusetts it converted many gentlemen and artisans who until then had opposed strengthening the central government into nationalists.

Question 40

Bacon’s Manifesto

Answer 40

Written in 1676 by Nathaniel Bacon to defend his actions in raising a force of thirteen hundred men, helping themselves to supplies from plantations near Jamestown, and seizing the town of Jamestown after William Berkeley fled. These actions plunged Virginia into civil war. Bacon’s Rebellion became the first rebellion in the Americas. Bacon’s Manifesto shows the way in which Bacon justified his actions. He claimed that those in power were growing richer while the poorer planters were growing poorer. The manifesto also showed the hatred for indians that planters had. They were frustrated with those in power not doing anything to stop Indian raids and were angry that the government wanted to “protect” the indians. The Manifesto and the rebellion showed Virginians how hatred of an “inferior” race was a powerful force to unite whites and subdue social discontent.

Question 41

Novanglus

Answer 41

“Novanglus” was John Adams pen name in essays in 1775. The essays were a response to the Tory newspaper offensive in 1775 in Massachusetts. As Novanglus, Adams writes about the threats posed by Britain in the form of taxation and in the form of removing power from local assemblies. He also writes about how those who voted for the stamp act, the tea act, and the other measures of a minister or governor would be promoted or profit, while those who favored the people in their opposition was depressed, degraded, and persecuted. He goes into how these actions were a way of destroying the colonists charter privileges and enslaving them. The essays stated that the colonists wanted nothing new and they only wished to keep their old privileges that allowed them to tax themselves and govern their internal concerns as they saw fit. Important because John Adams laid out the grievances the colonists had with the Parliamentary taxation and it showed that the only wanted to continue their relationship with Britain as it had done for the past 150 years. Adams, with the help of his essays and gradually impressing other delegates with his intellect and his immense capacity for work, gained more and more influence. Delegates named Adams to a committee to draft a declaration of independence, which he declined. He was however the one who took to the floor in early July 1776 to defend the move for independence.

Question 42

Whiskey Rebellion

Answer 42

Western Pennsylvania, july 1794, colonizers refused to pay the excise tax on local spirits. 400 militiamen marched on the house of John Nevel, one of the most hated tax collectors. September Washington sent 4000 militiamen and volunteers to pittsburg to put down the rebels. Resistance to the tax stopped.

Question 43

Pinckney Treaty

Answer 43

Ratified on March 3, 1796. Negotiated a treaty with Spain that set the borders of Florida and gave America the use of the Mississippi river and the use of the port of New Orleans. Helped turn the tide in favor of the unpopular Jay’s Treaty. Most importantly though it helped make travel to the west much easier with the use of the Mississippi river and the access to the port of New Orleans.

Question 44

Haitian Revolution

Answer 44

Successful anti-slavery and anti-colonial insurrection that took place in the former French colony of Saint Domingue. It lasted from 1791 until 1804. Important because it impacted the institution of slavery in the Americas.

Question 45

Missouri Compromise

Answer 45

It was adopted in 1820. It would admit Missouri as a slave state. Also had a second part the Thomas Proviso that was written by Senator Jesse Thomas.The Thomas Proviso, modified the admission of Missouri as a state. Had two parts. Admitted Maine as a free state to balance the amount of slave and free states. Said that all territory north of Missouri’s southern border was free territory. Everything south could have slavery. Bare majority to get the Missouri compromise to pass. Compromise showed that slavery would be a large issue.

Question 46

Tallmadge Amendment

Answer 46

Proposed by New York Congressman James Tallmadge, Jr. in 1819 soon after Missouri’s application for admission into the Union. Actually 2 amendments to the bill to admit Missouri as a state to the Union. Barred new slaves to be brought into Missouri. 2nd amendment would emancipate all slaves born in Missouri after turning 25. This would essentially kill slavery in Missouri over time. The amendment was both because Tallmadge was a New Yorker, where slavery abolished, and it was to protect the power of the northern states.

Question 47

Lewis Cass

Answer 47

Governor of Michigan territories in 1820s and 1830s. He had similar views to those in the South in regards to Indians. Contender for the Democratic nomination in the election of 1848. Had the term popular sovereignty identified with him. The concept proposed to let settlers of each territory decide for themselves whether to permit slavery.

Question 48

Worcester v. Georgia

Answer 48

Decided in 1832. It declares that Georgia’s actions were illegal in extending of state law over Cherokee land. Jackson did nothing to carry out the decision by the supreme court. Helped lead to the force removal of the Civilized Tribes by Jackson’s successor Martin Van Buren in 1838.

Question 49

Herrenvolk Democracy

Answer 49

“Whiteman Democracy”. The equality of all who belonged to the ”master race”. It was the concept that the southern legal system, politics, and social ideology were based on. It allowed the extension of institution of slavery.

Question 50

Gradual Emancipation

Answer 50

Process by which enslaved people would be freed over time and not immediately. Law was passed in Pennsylvania that if born before February 29, 1780 will remain a slave but if born after March 1, 1780 would be free after their 28th birthday. 5 other states passed gradual emancipation laws between 1781-1784 and they were less conservative than the law passed in Pennsylvania. They wanted gradual emancipation rather than immediate because they were worried about property problems.

Question 51

Robert Goodlow Harper

Answer 51

Federalist from Maryland. Wrote about slavery being wrong but being necessary. Early 1800 witnessed a dramatic growth in Baltimore, as he observed this, it seems slavery is no longer necessary in a thriving port city. Emancipation had worked in other slave systems, would slavery work in this modern age. Said emancipation would not work in America because slaves were not the same race or color.

Question 52

Gang System

Answer 52

Work system that was implemented on plantations. Working under the direct supervision of an overseer in gangs. The amount of labor slaves did increased over time. By the 1840s, a mississippi planter noted that slaves had adapted to the system.

Question 53

Second Great Awakening

Answer 53

A long term religious revival, that spanned the period from about 1800 to about 1835. The revival reached its height from the mid 1820s to the mid 1830s.Involved several things: involved an expansion of American Christianity, democratization of American Christianity, changes in notions of human and Christian nature, and changes in sense of secular and sacred time.