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Final Flash Cards

1
Q

Folliculitis

A
  • skin infection
  • Staphylococcus aureus (bacteria)
  • inflammation of the hair follicles or glands
  • furuncle and carbuncle
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2
Q

Scaled Skin Syndrome

A
  • skin infection
  • Staphylococcus aureus (bacteria)
  • split in the epidermal layer
  • skin peels off leaving a wet red spot
  • exfoliative toxins A+B
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3
Q

Toxic Shock Syndrome

A
  • skin infection
  • Staphylococcus aureus (bacteria)
  • rash like severe sunburn
  • toxic shock syndrom toxin
  • superantigen
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4
Q

HA-MRSA + CA-MRSA

A
  • skin infection
  • Staphylococcus aureus (bacteria)
  • healthcare + community acquired methicillin resistant S. aureus
  • encode enzyme B-lactamase
  • virulence factors: coagulase, hyaluronidase, lipase
  • raised, red, tender, warm to touch lesions, pus secretion
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5
Q

Cellulitis

A
  • skin infection
  • Streptococcus pyogenes (bacteria)
  • dermis + subcutaneous layers
  • tight + glossy stretched skin
  • warm to touch
  • hyaluronidase
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6
Q

Erysipelas

A
  • skin infection
  • Streptococcus pyogenes (bacteria)
  • skin texture like orange peel
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7
Q

Scarlet Fever

A
  • skin infection
  • Streptococcus pyogenes (bacteria)
  • strawberry tongue
  • erythrogenic toxin
  • sand-paper like rash
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8
Q

Necrotizing Fasciitis

A
  • skin infection
  • Streptococcus pyogenes (bacteria)
  • Flesh eating disease
  • centre may become blackened
  • Exotoxin B
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9
Q

Oral Herpes

A
  • skin infection
  • Herpes Simplex 1 virus (HSV-1)
  • vesicles filled with fluid in or around mouth
  • oral mucosa
  • stays dormant in nerve cells until reactivation
  • no prevention
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10
Q

Chicken Pox/Shingles

A
  • skin infection
  • Varicella-Zoster Virus (VZV) human herpesvirus 3
  • itchy rash and blisters filled with fluid
  • enters respiratory tract -> attaches to respiratory mucosa -> bloodstream -> skin
  • enters dorsal root ganglion and is dormant until reactivation (shingles)
  • respiratory droplets
  • live attenuated vaccine
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11
Q

Rubella

A
  • skin infection
  • Rubella Virus
  • mild rash, joint inflammation, and pain
  • has the ability to stop mitosis
  • MMR Vaccine : live attenuated
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12
Q

Ringworm

A
  • fungal infection of the skin
  • Cutaneous mycoses
  • confined to epidermal tissue, hair, nails
  • invade + digest keratin
  • direct/indirect contact with infected animals or humans
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13
Q

Tinea Versicolor

A
  • fungal infection of skin
  • Superficial mycoses: outer epidermal surface
  • yeast genus Malassezia
  • scaling of skin, discoloured skin pigmentation
  • yeast feeds on high oil content of skin glands
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14
Q

Chromoblastomycosis

A
  • Subcutaneous mycoses
  • Fonsecaea pedrosoi, Phialophora verrucosa, Cladosporium carrionii, Fonsecaea compacta
  • chronic fungal infection of skin
  • papular lesions: large wart-like
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15
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

A
  • most common bacteria to infect wound of burn patients
  • skin infection
  • virulence factors: proteases, exotoxin A, hemolysin
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16
Q

Gas Gangrene

A
  • skin infection
  • Clostridium perferingens (bacteria)
  • alpha toxin
  • produces gas in affected tissue
  • blisters filled with brown-red liquid
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17
Q

Conjunctivitis (Pink Eye)

A
  • eye infection
  • Chlamydia trachomatis, Neisseria gonnorhoeae, Strep. pyogenes/pneumoniae, Staph. aureus, viruses
  • milky discharge from eye (bacteria)
  • clear watery discharge (virus)
  • inflammation or swelling of the conjunctiva
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18
Q

Keratitis

A
  • eye infection
  • inflation of cornea
  • gritty feeling in eye, sharp pain, sensitivity to light
  • Herpes simples type 1
  • Protozoa Acanthamoeba
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19
Q

Pharyngitis

A
  • respiratory infection
  • Streptococcus pyogenes (bacteria)
  • inflammation of the throat
  • swollen tonsils and sometimes white inflammatory products
  • untreated can result in scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, glomerulonephritis
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20
Q

Rheumatic Fever

A
  • Streptococcus pyogenes (bacteria)
  • skin models over bony surfaces
  • immunologic cross-reaction of the M protein and heart muscles
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21
Q

Glomerulonephritis

A
  • Streptococcus pyogenes (bacteria)
  • nephritis = swelling in hands and feet, low urine output
  • antigen-antibody complexes deposited in kidneys
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22
Q

Pertussis (Whopping Cough)

A
  • respiratory infection
  • Bordetella pertussis (bacteria)
  • choking + vomiting during coughing spells
  • catarrhal stage then paroxysmal stage
  • damage to cilia
  • pertussis toxin: mucus
  • tracheal toxin: damage to cilia
  • DTaP Pertussis toxoid Vaccine
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23
Q

Bacterial Pneumonia

A
  • respiratory infection
  • inflammatory condition of the lung where fluid fills the alveoli
  • Community acquired and Healthcare associated
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (bacteria): multiply in bronchi and alveoli; Polysaccharide vaccine
  • Legionella pneumophila (bacteria): aqueous habitats, resistant to chlorine
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae (bacteria): walking pneumonia
  • Haemophilus influenzae (bacteria)
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24
Q

Tuberculosis

A
  • respiratory infection
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis (bacteria)
  • active or passive
  • tubercle formation
  • EMB = Ethambutol, INH = Isoniazid, PZA = Pyrazinamide, RIF = Rifampin, RPT = Rifapentine
  • Vaccine not recorded for routine use in Canada
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25
Q

Blastomycoses

A
  • fungal lung infection
  • Blastomycosis dermatitidis (fungus)
  • symptoms similar to pneumonia
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26
Q

Histoplasmosis

A
  • fungal lung infection
  • Histoplasma capsulatum (fungus)
  • symptoms similar to pneumonia
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27
Q

Cocciomycosis

A
  • fungal lung infection
  • Coccidioides immitis or Coccidioides posadasii (fungus)
  • flu-like symptoms
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28
Q

Pneumocystis

A
  • fungal lung infection
  • Pneumocystis jirovecii (fungus)
  • Pneumonia
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29
Q

Rhinitis

A
  • common cold; respiratory infection
  • rhinoviruses
  • penetrates mucus that coats respiratory system
30
Q

Influenza

A
  • respiratory infection
  • Influenza virus
  • glycoproteins: Hemagglutinin and Neurominidase
  • constant mutation of glycoproteins = antigenic drift
  • swapping of RNA stands with different influenza virus = antigenic shift
  • Seasonal vaccines
31
Q

Cholera

A
  • enteric infection
  • Vibrio cholerae (bacteria)
  • secretary diarrhea
  • “rice water stool”
  • loss of body weight
  • Cholera toxin
    inactivated vaccine DUKORAL
32
Q

Shigellosis

A
  • enteric infection
  • Shigella genus of bacteria
  • dysentery
  • Shiga toxin
  • No vaccine
33
Q

Typhoid Fever

A
  • enteric infection
  • Salmonella typhi (bacteria)
  • first week, second week (listened abdomen and rose spots), third week (delirious), fourth week (intestinal and neurological complications)
  • infiltrates the lymph nodes
  • Polysaccharide vaccine, live attenuated
34
Q

Food Poisoning

A
  • acute diarrhea accompanied by vomiting; cause by a toxin
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Bacillus cereus
  • Clostridium perfingens
  • Campylobacter jejuni
  • Listeria monocytogenes
35
Q

Escherichia coli

A
  • Enterohemorrhagic E. Coli: verotoxin
  • Enterotoxigenic E. Coli: SL toxin + LT toxin
  • Enteroinasive E. coli: blood + mucus in stool
  • Enteropthogenic E. coli
  • Enteroaggregative E. coli: chronic disease in children
36
Q

Giardiasis

A
  • protozoa infection
  • Giardia lamblia
  • greasy stool
  • cysts are ingested
  • No vaccine
37
Q

Cryptosporidiosis

A
  • protozoa infection
  • Cryptosporidium genus
  • ingestion of cysts
  • diarrhea
  • resistance to treatment with chlorine
38
Q

Toxoplasmosis

A
  • protozoa infection
  • Toxoplasma gondii
  • consumption of raw or undercooked meat
  • formation of cysts
39
Q

Pseudomembranous colitis

A
  • Clostridium difficile (bacteria)
  • superinfects large intestine when normal biota is disrupted
  • toxins A + B
40
Q

Gastritis & Gastric Ulcers

A
  • gastritis: sharp or burning pain emanating from the abdomen
  • gastric ulcers: lesions in the mucosa of the stomach or the upper small intestine
  • Helicobacter pylori (bacteria)
41
Q

Hepatitis A

A
  • Hepatitis A virus
  • infers the liver
  • necrosis of hepatocytes
  • dark urine, jaundice
  • inactivated vaccine
42
Q

Urinary Tract Infection

A
  • invasion and infection of the urethra and bladder by bacteria or other microorganisms
  • burning pain when urinating = dysuria
  • cloudy urine due to WBC
  • or orange tint from RBC
  • back pain + fever
  • most caused by E. coli
  • one organ to another
  • realize toxins which induce an inflammatory response
43
Q

Cystitis

A
  • bladder infection
44
Q

Pyelonephritis

A
  • kidney infection
45
Q

Urethritis

A
  • urethra infection
46
Q

Gonorrhea

A
  • STI
    -Neisseria gonorrhoea (bacteria)
  • male: yellowish discharge, can spread to prostate and epididymis
  • females: urinary + genital tracts infected, mucus & pus, or bloody discharge
  • IgA protease
  • No vaccine
47
Q

Syphilis

A
  • STI
  • Treponema pallidum (bacteria)
  • Primary, secondary, latent, tertiary
  • hard chancre
  • red or brown rash
  • tutors called gummas
  • no vaccine
48
Q

Chancroid

A
  • STI
  • haemophilus ducreyi (bacteria)
  • soft chancre
  • entry through wounds and cases lesions
49
Q

Trichomoniasis

A
  • STI
  • Trichomonas vaginalis (protozoa)
  • 70% of infections are asymptomatic
  • men: itching or irruption inside the penis; during after urination or ejaculation
  • women: vaginal itching, white to green frothy discharge
  • no vaccine
50
Q

Genital Herpes

A
  • STI
  • Herpes simplex virus 1 or 2
  • single or multiple vesicles on the genitalia, thing, or buttocks; filled with clear liquid
  • becomes latent in neuron and can be reactivated
  • no vaccine
51
Q

Genital Warts

A
  • STI
  • Human papilloma virus (HPV)
  • female: warts on vulva, in or around vagina
  • male: warts on penis and scrotum
  • both: anus and or skin around groin
  • uncontrolled proliferation of cells
  • caused the cells to divide uncontrollably
  • E6 + E7 protein
  • Vaccine available, contains virus like particles
52
Q

HIV & AIDS

A
  • STI
  • Human Immunodeficiency Virus
  • glycoprotein spikes: GP-120
  • CD4 marker (T-helper cells)
  • HIV: the level of virus in the blood and level of T-cells in the blood; low cd4 t-cell count
  • AIDS: CD4 T-cell count lower than 200 cells/ul of blood, CD4 cells account for fewer than 14% of all lymphocytes, afflicted by one or more of an AIDS-defining illness
  • No vaccine
  • reverse transcriptase inhibitors, fusion inhibitors, protase inhibitors, intergrase inhibitors
53
Q

Meningitis

A
  • inflammation of the meninges
  • photophobia
  • inroad number of WBC in CSF
54
Q

Neisseria meningitidis

A
  • meningitis
  • bacteria
  • meningococcus
55
Q

Meningococcal meningitis

A
  • bacteria
  • meningitis
  • IgA protease and capsule
  • polysaccharide vaccine
56
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

A
  • bacteria
  • meningitis
  • Pnemococcus
57
Q

Pneumococcal meningitis

A
  • bacteria
  • meningitis
  • alpha-hemolysin and hydrogen peroxide
  • polysaccharide vaccine
58
Q

Listeria monocytogenes

A
  • bacteria
  • meningits
  • cross the placenta or through the birth canal
  • contaminated dairy products, poultry and meat
59
Q

Streptococcus agalactial

A
  • bacteria
  • meningits
    neonatal meningitis
60
Q

Creyptococcus neoformans

A
  • fungal meningitis
  • bird droppings
    chronic form
  • air and dust
61
Q

Encephalitis

A
  • inflammation of the brain
  • usually viruses carried by insects
  • arthropod-borne viruses
62
Q

West Nile Virus

A
  • transmitted by Culex Marsalis mosquito
  • virus enters through mosquito bite and virus is release into tissue and later becomes established in the brain
  • inflammation causes swelling and damage to the brain, nerves and meninges
  • no vaccine
63
Q

Rabies

A
  • Rabies virus
  • severe laryngeal and diaphragmatic spasms
  • agitated form and paralytic form (flaccid paralysis)
  • infection cycle is completed when virus replicated in salivary gland and virus is shed in saliva
  • bites, scratches, inhalation of droplets
  • pre-exposure immunization
64
Q

Poliomyelitis (Polio)

A
  • Poliovirus
  • infection of the spinal cord that can cause neuromuscular paralysis
  • virus sheds into throat, faces, some leak into the blood
  • non-paralytic: destruction of nervous tissue
  • paralytic: motor neurons invaded, flaccid paralysis
  • inactivated vaccine
65
Q

Hepatitis

A
  • blood borne infection
  • necrosis of hepatocytes (liver cells)
  • monocular response that swells and disrupts liver architecture
  • jaundice
  • A-E
66
Q

Hepatitis A & E

A
  • fecal oral route
  • deficient personal hygiene and lack of public health measures
  • inadequate sewage control
  • HAV has vaccine
  • HEV no vaccine
67
Q

Hepatitis B

A
  • cytotoxic T-cell response
  • virus found in blood and body fluids
  • Vaccine contains HBV antigen
68
Q

Hepatitis C

A
  • HCV
  • liver failure from hep C is the most common reason for liver transplants
  • No vaccine
69
Q

Hepatitis D

A
  • HDV
  • defective virus, cannot replicate by itself, only in cells also infected with HBV
  • Co-infected, with HBV and HDV
  • Superinfected, HBV then HDV
70
Q

Malaria

A
  • genus Plasmodium
  • invade blood cells and cause them to burst
  • bouts of chills, fever and sweating every 48 or 72 hours
  • anopheles mosquito
  • No vaccine
71
Q

Nosocomial Infections

A
  • infectious diseases that are acquired or develop during a stay at a hospital or health care facility
  • most common: Pneumonia, gastrointestinal illness, urinary tract infections, bloodstream infections, surgical site infections
  • Clostridium difficile, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiall species, Escherichia coli, Enterococcus species

Microbiology (14 decks)

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