Final Fine Arts Flashcards

Question

Answer 1

**Raphaelle Peale** **Venus rising from the sea - a depiction (After the bath), 1823** - To fool you thath behind the cloth is a naked woman print - one has done x-ray and found a painting of the artist. Just as his fathers museum painting. The painting si a copy of a portrait his father did of him.

Answer 2

FREDERIC EDWIN CHURCH 1826-1900 (active 1850s) * Attention to specificity of details * Supremely talented painter * Mid 20s trains with Cole for 3 years, Cole’s only student * Incredibly specific depictions of natural elements * Sublime→ in sky and in the subjects he chooses

Answer 3

**Hiriam Powers** **California 1850-55** - Version of Greek Slave (only way to show nudity) - First american sculpture in the MET - Quarts/gold crystals = symbolized mineral wealth, and is stabalizing the sculpture - holds a thorn = “all is not gold that glitters”

Answer 4

**Gilbert Stuart** **Washington 1796** - *_Lansdowne_* - outreaching arm - objects of material culture = wealth & educated - ship = trade - scrolls = the constitution - inc feather = signing of independence

Answer 5

**William Rush** **Eagel 1809-11** - Iron on wood - For st. Johns Church

Answer 6

**Hiriam Powers** **The Greek Slave 1851** - Cultural phenomena - Toured the country - Not about modern slavery. She was chained by the turks. - Religious mythology. Only thing that can save her in Christianity

Answer 7

Asher Durand 1849 - Kindred Spirits * Depiction of Cole and WC Bryant in the Catskills as a memorial piece * Romantic themes * Typical framing elements and makeup of landscape painting

Answer 8

Thomas Cole Course of Empire Pastoral stage 1834-36 * shepard. old vs. young. ruins. stone on mountains=god, cultivation of land * settled land. pre urban ancient greece

Answer 9

John Frederick Kensett, Lake George, 1856 * emerging vacationing class * these areas were becoming the summer destination for wealthy New York City families

Answer 10

Augustine Clement, 1664→ Dr. John Clarke First American painting

Answer 11

Asher Durand 1849 - Beeches * Arcadian scene of beeches (framing elements of the trees) * Pastoral landscape at its finest * has a shepard way off in the background, a cultivated landscape to some degree 1855 - In the Woods * A more ruskinian view of nature. Encouraging artist to look close on nature. A scene that is more so less wild.

Answer 12

Benjamin West 1768→ West, Agrippina Bringing the Ashes of Germanicus to Brundisium * Showing of historical knowledge * Sculptural, Neoclassical, nods to Classicism, looking back to Ancient forms. * Background building could be based off of Robert Allen’s print Could be Diocletians palace. Central group from the frieze on Ara Pacis in Rome. * Painting is meant to evoke idea of sacrificing one’s self for others-- moralistic ideals, religious ideals. White dress=purity and morality * “Poussinist”, tight linear style, strong direct lighting, horizontal lines, bold colors * Her husband is Germanicus

Answer 13

Albert Bierstadt Rocky Mountains Landers Peak 1863 * Not as metrically painted as church. You cannot tell each tree * An extreme and dramatic proportion of nature * Compositionally he is not as intuitive as Church * Natives and their artifacts in the front. Major focal point in the center. You are drawn back and forth between the foreground and the background

Answer 14

John Frederick Kensett, Lake George, 1856 * emerging vacationing class * these areas were becoming the summer destination for wealthy New York City families

Answer 15

**Gilbert Stuart** **Washington 1796** - *Antheneaum* - Used on the dollar bill - Saved the painting to produce more similar once

Answer 16

**Erastus Dow Palmer** **Indian girl/the dawn of Christianity 1853-56** - holding a cross. Makes it ok to sow her naked - idealized contrapasto posture

Answer 17

Thomas Cole Course of Empire Desolation stage 1834-36 * The works of man has faded. Nature wins

Answer 18

John Krimmel Election day, 1815 - Independence Hall=prid eof the nation - Only white men got to vote. No matter their condition

Answer 19

Frederick Church 1859→ Heart of the Andes * South America as a destination * ATTENTION TO DETAIL * Every mini part of this work is a mini painting * a church is depicted * Always God is omnipresent

Answer 20

JOHN FREDERICK KENSETT 1855 → Bash Bish Falls

Answer 21

Matthew Pratt, 1765→ The American School * Chippendale chair * West’s studio in London, West is figure on left

Answer 22

**William T Ranney** **Kit Karson, 1845** - idealized image - only carrying a blanket and some liqure. Where is the lagguage? - images for the eastern market - if you are a white amn who lives like an indian. It is of chice=it is masculine and cool - City living = too cilvilized. wanted to be reminded of te wild life. To live life

Answer 23

**Gilbert Stuart** **Washington 1795** - *_Vaughn_* - facing right - no attire or extras = a federal man rather than royal - focus on him, not the background

Answer 24

JOHN FREDERICK KENSETT 1816-72 (active late 1850s) * Begun his career as a engraver * Goes to Europe with Durand… * Returns to America 1847 * Silvery, misty, sparkley * Known for his lake George scenes * Meditative contemplative relationship with nature

Answer 25

ROBERT FEKE→ 1741-1751 * Born in Oyster Bay, LI-Works in Newport * Stylistically flat and pastel * SUPER GOOD AT FABRICS-- people wanted to show their wealth because of textile rarity

Answer 26

John Greenwood, 1747→ Greenwood Lee Family * Another attempt to copy the Bermuda group in formation * Queen Anne (English) chair and no turkey work has a turkish hat on (turkery) * Shows idea of furniture as something of wealth * No unrealistic background * A network of artists and they all know who was doing what where * Gazes have changed from Smiberts, interacting with each other through gazes

Answer 27

Asher Durand 1849 - Kindred Spirits * Depiction of Cole and WC Bryant in the Catskills as a memorial piece * Romantic themes * Typical framing elements and makeup of landscape painting

Answer 28

Frederick Church 1859→ Heart of the Andes * South America as a destination * ATTENTION TO DETAIL * Every mini part of this work is a mini painting * a church is depicted * Always God is omnipresent

Answer 29

GEORGE CALEB BINGHAM 1811-79 * Paintings for New Yorkers to show the excotic mid West. Too civilized, had lost their wild freedom * introduced to genre painting by Mount 1838 * square heads * disproportional bodies

Answer 30

Thomas Cole Course of Empire Consummation of Empire stage 1834-36 * mighty civilization * the man made is crowding out the natural divine

Answer 31

Thomas Cole Course of Empire Desolation stage 1834-36 * The works of man has faded. Nature wins

Answer 32

ASHER B. DURAND 1796-1886 * Patron and contemporary of Cole (1835) * Leading landscape painter after Cole’s death * more specific depiction of trees * The beauty of nature. Create a mood with nature * Plays with the contrast of cultivated and wild

Answer 33

JOHN SINGLETON COPLEY Born 1738 * Born in Boston * 1774 he goes to England after talking to West for 9 years. * Early portraits typical American (shadows on face)- Later/after England neoclassica

Answer 34

Frederick Church Niagara Falls 1857 * No framing elements, the waterfall itself * panoramic view * Niagara as an important american landscape * Shows someone who has studied how water goes over a rock and changes in color and tone as it falls * Not only looking at mist to understand how it transforms vision but figuring out a way to replicate it throughout the scene * Seen as this ultimate point of sublimity

Answer 35

Frederick Church 1860→ Twilight in the Wilderness-- * SUBLIME SKY * During the civil war – others were thinking of it as the twilight of society * Also referred to as - Worshipping at the alter of nature * The introduction of chromium colors made it possivle to paint the sunset

Answer 36

JOHN FREDERICK KENSETT 1816-72 (active late 1850s) * Begun his career as a engraver * Goes to Europe with Durand… * Returns to America 1847 * Silvery, misty, sparkley * Known for his lake George scenes * Meditative contemplative relationship with nature

Answer 37

Peter Pelham, 1727 → Cotton Mater print. Maybe first print in Am., did prints of Smibert’s paintings)

Answer 38

**Charles Wilson Peale 1741-1827** **(By Benjamin West 1767)** - Born In maryland. Stared painting 1760s - Went to Harvard, met Copley 1765 - Studies with West, 1767-69 - Moves to Philly 1776 - Serves in the militiary during the Revolutionary War (1775-1783). - Founder Museum of Natural History Philly 1802 - Columbnianum 1794 - Founder Philly Academy of Fine Arts 1805 - Eggshaped heads

Answer 39

Thomas Cole Course of Empire - 1834-36 Savage State * ideal state of natural world - untouched * calm * hunters teepees

Answer 40

**John Wesley Jarvis,** **Mrs. Robert Dickey (Anne Brown), ca. 1807-10.**

Answer 41

1670→ Freake-Gibbs Painting/Limner (Painted the whole family)/ * Alberti’s lines perspective, would not have read Alberti but would have been aware of this method of composing pictures * → Elizabeth Freake and baby Mary (Redone to add baby)

Answer 42

Jeremiah Theus, 1757→ Elizabeth Wragg Manigault * This is representational of Southern portraiture * Charleston society * Fabrics are still important in their placement and depiction in portraits as they still work to show wealth

Answer 43

The course of Empire 1834-36 * Allegorical study * Classical references to warn americans - industrialization - will destroy humanity * Pastoral scene is Cole’s ideal scene for mankind * HRS integrally connected to God, Nature, and Man. * How does man get divine salvation? By maintaining a close relationship to God’s natural world.

Answer 44

**A.F Tait** **The life of a Hunter, 1858** - Masculinity - what men dream about. To stare down the danger - the idea of conquering nature

Answer 45

**Charles Bird King** **The poor artist cupboard, 1815** * - Tromp l’oeil - to fool the eye * - details and symbolism * - paper in corner talks about an artist estate= all he owned was his paintings * - full of little notes that realte to an artist and poverty * - living off of bread and water * Top left corner, sheriff's sale list which represents that all he owns are his paintings * conflicting wealth and poverty * Cut glass/ crystal, in the forefront: Is he mocking other artists who were successful or is he representing his own life as a poverty stricken artist

Answer 46

**Charles Wilson Peale** **Artist in his museum 1822** - museum, place for public entertainment - Linneaus organizing of nature - in Independence Hall

Answer 47

Albert Bierstadt Looking Up Yosemite Valley, 1865-67 * The landscape is fixed to look more romantic and clean. To exaggerate the experience of the view * One of the most used view points of the montains. At this time, this view gets established as the view to show the valley. * The distortions of the view makes the result look more dramatic than the real view.

Answer 48

**George Caleb Bingham** **Jolly Flatboatmen, 1846** - Depicts the importance of the river in the west - working conditions at the time - idealized relaxed images for the easterners/north - horixontal lines and triangular composition to place focus on dnacing man - the innocence and wildness of the west, scenery and stillness of the river

Answer 49

**John Trumbull** **Death of general Warren at the Battle fo Bunker Hill 1775/1786** - human values/morality not action is the subject - multiple scenes into narrative. invented scene - diagonal sweep (often in history paintings. Barouque style) - dramiatic baroque style - subscription print

Answer 50

Thomas Cole Course of Empire Pastoral stage 1834-36 * shepard. old vs. young. ruins. stone on mountains=god, cultivation of land * settled land. pre urban ancient greece

Answer 51

**John Trumbull 1756-1843** - one generation after Copley/West/Peale - 1780, England with West - Europe back and forth total 24 years - 1825 meets Louis David - Founded Philadelphia Academy of Fine arts - early portraits, detailed & sharp - develops sense of coloring - Scenes from Revolutionary War - want to do history painting - rubenist **Selfportrait 1777** - pallet=painter - book= litterate/educated. full bound was most expensive - full colors = can afford it/organized - reflection = reminds us of copley

Answer 52

**Jean Antoinet Houdon** **Washington 1788** - French sculptor - most resembling of Washington - walking stick= the gentleman farmer - the ability to walk away from power - Column, roman story

Answer 53

**Gilbert Stuart** **The Skater/William Grant, 1782** - William Grant is the figure - shows dynamic/motion =new style - the portrayed is part of the surrounding, new with outdoors - a real/existing background / Memorable location - upper body still in sitter pose - monocromatic=the actual color of a winter day

Answer 54

Benjamin West 1817 (1796) → Death on a Pale Horse “Rubenist”, bold diagonals, high drama

Answer 55

Albert Bierstadt Looking Up Yosemite Valley, 1865-67 * The landscape is fixed to look more romantic and clean. To exaggerate the experience of the view * One of the most used view points of the montains. At this time, this view gets established as the view to show the valley. * The distortions of the view makes the result look more dramatic than the real view.

Answer 56

**Severin Roesen 1815-1872** - Crouded compositions - From germany - Decorative rather than intellectually challanging - Victorians loved thair still lifes - From templates - insp dutch 17/18 C paintings. Color, composition **Still Life with Fruit and Champagne, 1852**

Answer 57

1801-48 active 1830-40s - Born in England. Comes to US in 1818 - 1st generation Hudson River School HRS - Framing elements - NYC generated attention from William Dunlauo, Asher Durand, John Trumbull, - Luman Reed - a patron of HRS - wilderness vs civilization -\> industriualisation - no specific depiction of trees

Answer 58

1670→ Elizabeth Paddy Wensley * flower symbolizing fertility and innocents * Flatness, liney * Compare command of textile vs other paintings

Answer 59

Charles Wilson Peale Washington as Colonel in the Virginia Regiment 1772 - Peale was a natural chice due to his previous service in the militery - first painting of Washington

Answer 60

William Sidney Mount 1836 → Farmers nooning * individualized black man. * contradiction - can be read in many ways, Either the black man is being lazy or he’s just resting and it’s a nice scene * The kid is wearing a Tam o’shanter, which was typically associated with Scottish people and Scottish people are abolitionist * Can be read as abolitionist are telling blacks what they want to hear but they are deceiving him * Wearing nicer clothes than the white men, suggesting that blacks are better off under the control of white masters, better taken care of

Answer 61

Benjamin West 1770→ Death of General Wolfe * Shows recent history as a history painting * Contemporary clothes * Risky from English standpoint, Wolfe dies in Christ like position. Religious composition= universal understanding of the theme. * Ground stops while battle rages on * Shows North American because of Native American representation * Reynolds claimed it was inappropriate because men were wearing modern clothes * 7 Years War depiction * As a result of this painting, West becomes history painter to King and plays off idea that he is Mr. America ;-) Seen as charming * Because of the negative reaction from this painting, West didn’t do the Revolutionary War paintings (Trumbull did)

Answer 62

Capt. Thomas Smith, Major Thomas Savage 1679 * Attributes and background tell * you what he worked with. Baroque composition

Answer 63

John Singleton Copley 1775 Mr and Mrs. Ralph Izard * He started using Classical structure in the background * Showing wealth in their clothes * Shows travel with different antiquities * Stayed in Copley’s studio for his life

Answer 64

Albert Bierstadt 1863 * Not as metrically painted as church. You cannot tell each tree * An extreme and dramatic proportion of nature * Compositionally he is not as intuitive as Church * Natives and their artifacts in the front. Major focal point in the center. You are drawn back and forth between the foreground and the background

Answer 65

JASPER CROPSEY 1860→ Autumn on the Hudson River * known for making autumn autumnal * second rate painter * he was not in US when he painted it

Answer 66

FRANCIS EDMONS (active 1840s-50s) * Mysterious figure. Used different names. * Easy to read, genre painting, simple subjects * influenced by Mount * Literal representations

Answer 67

JOHN FREDERICK KENSETT 1855 → Bash Bish Falls

Answer 68

**Charles Wilson Peale** **the Peale family 1773-1809**

Answer 69

Thomas Cole Course of Empire - 1834-36 Savage State * ideal state of natural world - untouched * calm * hunters teepees

Answer 70

Thomas Cole Course of Empire Destruction stage 1834-36 * when man loses touch with nature. * Everything is falling apart * Fallen civilization

Answer 71

**Jean Antoine Houdon** **George Washington, 1785-89**

Answer 72

Albert Bierstadt 1830-1902 (active 1860s) * Looking at the West as Arcadian * He trained in Germany, Dusseldorf * Moody and tonal painter. Mountains fading out. A sense of space and sparseness * The landscape had a sense of the sublime * An emotional description of the drama that cannot be caught in a photo.

Answer 73

Thomas Cole Course of Empire Consummation of Empire stage 1834-36 * mighty civilization * the man made is crowding out the natural divine

Answer 74

**William Rush** **Nymph & Bittern 1812/1854** - was at first a fountain

Answer 75

**Ralph Earl,** **Daniel Boardman, 1789** - Stans before his landownings in Gainbough, Connecticut

Answer 76

Robert Feke 1741 - Isaac Royall and His Family * inspired by Smibert’s Bermuda group * 4 adults 1 child * Family from Newport * Self taught painter * Has studied Smibert’s Bermuda group * Turkey carpet * Feke→ does not accomplish the transversal gazes of Smibert, Feke’s figures are stiff and waxlike

Answer 77

**William Rush 1756-1833** - Learned to carve from his father who was a ship carver - starts off carving boat parts - Helps Rembrandt Peale found Coulumbiana - Re-invent himself. Start working as a sculting professor & works in caramics and terracotta **Self portrait 1822**

Answer 78

Frederick Church 1860→ Twilight in the Wilderness-- * SUBLIME SKY * During the civil war – others were thinking of it as the twilight of society * Also referred to as - Worshipping at the alter of nature * The introduction of chromium colors made it possivle to paint the sunset

Answer 79

**John Gast - from StLouis (lived in NYC)** **American progress 1872** - Floating seamlessly into the west - the idealization of American west - to right Manhattan & brooklyn bridge a technical invention - telephone wires - wester exspansion. Bringing civilization. - groupings of types. farmers, terrified natives, mountain men with horse, running buffalos - she is carrying a schoolbook - brings education tot he west - “god wanted us here. he showed us the new world” - the idea that the west consisted of nothing. mountains, indians, buffalos - 1893 - the frontier is over. then about bringing it together. - the fantasy of freedom - idealization of expansion

Answer 80

John Vanderlyn Adriane asleep in the island of naxos 1815 - nudity ok if historical/religious scene - dramiatic lighting - not so strict with anatohmy, idealization

Answer 81

**Horatio Greenough** - Learns to carve from local stone cutter - Goes to Hardward, meets Washignton Allston and become “best friends” - neocalsssical instyle - whole career in Italy **Bust of Washington 1832**

Answer 82

**Charles Deas** **The death struggle, 1845** - wester story - escaping afight with the indain. - Everyone is terrified except the white man. stronger, calm, on a white horse - fiction, art, political action - imaginiative/fiction - both indians same features=no personallity. depicted as a group, not individuals

Answer 83

The course of Empire 1834-36 * Allegorical study * Classical references to warn americans - industrialization - will destroy humanity * Pastoral scene is Cole’s ideal scene for mankind * HRS integrally connected to God, Nature, and Man. * How does man get divine salvation? By maintaining a close relationship to God’s natural world.

Answer 84

**John Krimmel** **The Quilting Frolic 1813** - Impled narrative/telling a story/specific moment - Krimmel shows what he can do. Types, objects, - Very nationalistic - Washington in center=father of the country - Black shown as caricatures

Answer 85

Frederick Church Niagara Falls 1857 * No framing elements, the waterfall itself * panoramic view * Niagara as an important american landscape * Shows someone who has studied how water goes over a rock and changes in color and tone as it falls * Not only looking at mist to understand how it transforms vision but figuring out a way to replicate it throughout the scene * Seen as this ultimate point of sublimity

Answer 86

JASPER CROPSEY 1860→ Autumn on the Hudson River * known for making autumn autumnal * second rate painter * he was not in US when he painted it

Answer 87

John Singleton Copley 1776 → Copley family. Brushier, glazing, softness, color management, flow of light and shadow, focus on faces rather than surroundings.

Answer 88

William Sidney Mount 1841 → Cider making * Election year. Making fun of president candidate. Hard cider and lodges * Was once believed to be from Long Island however; from the mountain in the background we can assume it’s probably not Long Island but it still stands as an emblem of the North East * 1841, William Henry Harrison was elected to presidency, “didn’t have a damn thing to say about anything”. President based off of hard cider and log cabins. Had no real platform accepted for being anti MVB… who was urban, refined “the little magician” * Political satire

Answer 89

John Trumbull George Washington, 1780

Answer 90

**Charles Bird King** **Young Omahaw..., 1822** - the is all about indians 1820-50s - the typical stereotype - one of his better paintings

Answer 91

**Charles Wilson Peale** **Washington at battle of Princeton 1784** - aristocratic full lenght - In a former royal frame - dressed in yellow and blue after the revolutionary war

Answer 92

**_Gilbert Stuart 1755-1828_** **Selfportrait 1778** - Born in Rohode Island - 1775 England, 1777 with West - the artist myth. Drinking, gambling - active in Ireland 1787-93 - the best portrait painter of the time, and he enjoyed portraits - He was talketive and funny. People enjoyed sitting for him - really understand color & composition _Portraits of washington:_ ***Vaughn*** - facing right ***Antheneum*** - facing left, unfinished ***Lansdowne*** - facing left, standing, arm reaches out

Answer 93

John Krimmel Forth of July Center Square, Philadelphia 1810-12 - an image of different people types Male dandies, young women in fashionable dresses, African American, qakers The types are still grouped - Water sanitation building - Sculpture “Nymph and Bittern, 1812” William Rush - Hogarth - satire “the line of beauty. lived in 1740s. English rococo. H is still a major influence. - enlongated figures - civic space was a new thing

Answer 94

Thomas Cole 1840 Voyage of life **Childhood** Dawn. Emerging from a cave **Youth** You are ready to go on your own **Manhood** Praying on a boat. The angle is far away **Old age** The angle had come back. And drags you to the light (life is over). The water I calm again.

Answer 95

Albert Bierstadt 1830-1902 (active 1860s) * Looking at the West as Arcadian * He trained in Germany, Dusseldorf * Moody and tonal painter. Mountains fading out. A sense of space and sparseness * The landscape had a sense of the sublime * An emotional description of the drama that cannot be caught in a photo.

Answer 96

**John Wesley Jarvis** **Andrew Jackson 1819 (president 1829-37)**

Answer 97

John Singleton Copley 1778→ Watson and the Shark * Watson had stake in the tea that would famously be thrown overboard during the Boston Tea Party * Like West’s Gen. Wolfe, shows a recent history event but instead of being a well known figure like wolfe, Watson was a relatively unknown man with no real prominence (step further) * Shows people in contemporary dress * Savanah harbour background * Sculptural representation of Watson- Classical references can be made to the figure. * Prometheus story much more plausible- reflective of strength of human will and agency as a defining factor for determining success * Figures arranges to strengthen the composition.

Answer 98

**Horatio Greenough** **Washington 1832-40** - barebusted in a robe - Roman imperial - offering a sword. & holding lighting

Answer 99

BENJAMIN WEST * American Career→ 1748-1760 * Moves to England in 1763 * Leaves for England becomes president of the Royal Academy 1792, was allowed in earlier * Will Influence generations of American painters who travel to London to study

Answer 100

Thomas Cole Course of Empire Destruction stage 1834-36 * when man loses touch with nature. * Everything is falling apart * Fallen civilization

Answer 101

John Singleton Copley, Paul Revere, 1768,

Answer 102

Asher Durand 1849 - Beeches * Arcadian scene of beeches (framing elements of the trees) * Pastoral landscape at its finest * has a shepard way off in the background, a cultivated landscape to some degree 1855 - In the Woods * A more ruskinian view of nature. Encouraging artist to look close on nature. A scene that is more so less wild.