Final Final Flashcards
What makes up the basicranium?
sphenoid body, occipital, petrous temporals, vomer
What cranial nerves come out of the forebrain?
olfactory, optic
What cranial nerves come out of the midbrain?
oculomotor, trochlear
What cranial nerves come out of the pons?
trigeminal, abducens, facial, vestibulocochlear
What cranial nerves come out of the medulla?
glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory, hypoglossal
What are the nerves of the pharyngeal arches?
Arch 1- V3
Arch 2- VII
Arch 3- IX
Arch 4- (sup. laryngeal) X
Arch 6- (recurrent laryngeal) X
The most medial cranial nerves are
motor
Medial=Motor
The lateral cranial nerves are
special sensory or mixed
What are the 2 exceptions to the cranial nerve organization?
IV- off the dorsum
IX- off the neck
Label the cranial nerves
a. olfactory
b. trochlear
c. abducens
d. facial
e. hypoglossal
f. optic
g. oculomotor
h. trigeminal
i. vestibulocochlear
j. glossopharyngeal
k. vagus
l. accessory
Pneumonic for sensory, motor, or mixed?
Some
Say
Money
Matters
But
My
Brother
Says
Big
Brains
Matter
Most
Label what nerves go through each foramina
- Olfactory- cribiform plate
- Optic- optic canal
- Oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal-1, abducens- inferior orbital fissure
- Trigeminal-2- rotundum
- Trigeminal-3- ovale
- Facial, vestibulocochlear- interal auditory meatus
- Glossopharyngeal, vagus, accessory- jugular foramen
- hypoglossal- hypoglossal canal
What passes through foramen spinosum?
middle meningeal artery
What are the 4 bones that make up the pterion?
frontal, parietal, sphenoid, temporal
What is the olfactory story?
Originates from the forebrain
Passes through anterior fossa
Exits cribiform plate
Innervates nasal cavity
SMELL
What is the optic story?
Originates in the forebrain
Crosses at optic chiasm
Exits the optic canal
Innervates the retina
SIGHT
What is the occulomotor story?
Originates from the midbrain
Exits through the superior orbital fissure
Branches into superior and inferior branches
Innervates superiorly- superior rectus & levator palpabrae superioris
Innervates inferiorly- inferior oblique, inferior rectus, & medial rectus
Carries PARAs to ciliary ganglion then jumps on short ciliary nerves to ciliary muscles for pupil CONSTRICTION
EYE MOVEMENT & EYE LID CLOSURE
What is the trochlear story?
Originates in midbrain
Exits through the superior orbital fissure
Innervates the superior oblique muscle
DOWN AND MEDIAL EYE MOVEMENT
What is the trigeminal 1 story?
Originates in the pons
Exits the superior orbital fissure
Branches into lacrimal, frontal (supratrochlear & supraorbital), & nasociliary branches
Innervates- lacrimal area sensation
Innervates- supratrochlear (middle forehead and orbit) & supraorbital (lateral forhead and orbit)
Innervates- Nasociliary (eye ball and nasal mucosa)
CARRIES PARAs from CN III via the nasociliary nerve & SENSORY
What is the trigeminal 2 story?
Originates in the pons
Exits through foramen rotundum into PTP fossa
Branches into zygomatic, infra orbital, nasopalatine, pharyngeal, lesser palatine, and greater palatine
PTP GANGLIA
Zygomatic innervation- zygomatic area and carries PARAS to lacrimal gland (tears)
Infraorbital innervation- skin on cheek, upper lips, lateral nose
Nasopalatine & Pharyngeal innervation- carries PARAs to nasal/pharyngeal mucosa from CN
All glands of the head and neck are controlled by CN __ except ____ which is CN __
CN VII
except parotid
CN IX
What innervates most of the face above the corner of the mouth?
greater petrosal of CN VII
The uvula deviates ____ injury.
away from
All muscles of the palate are controlled by CN __ except ____ which is CN ___
CN X
except tensor palatini
CN V3
What tonsils are called adenoids once they become inflammed?
pharyngeal
What tonsils are removed during a tonsillectomy?
palatine
If a child has trouble hearing, what tonsils may be to blame?
pharyngeal
All glossus muscles are innervated by CN __ except ____ which is CN __
CN XII
except palatoglossus
CN X
Are muscles on the same side or different side affected with a CN XII injury?
Same side
(located in rostral, medial medulla)
What are the 3 compartments of the larynx?
Vestibule- space between quadrangular membranes
Ventricle- space between true and false vocal cords
Infraglottic space- space between true vocal cords and trachea
Which cartilages control pitch of the voice?
arytenoids
What is the function of the internal branch of the superior laryngeal nerve?
sensory above vocal cords
What is the function of the external branch of the superior laryngeal nerve?
motor to cricothyroid muscle
What is the function of the recurrent laryngeal nerve?
sensory below vocal cords
intrinsic muscles of larynx EXCEPT cricothyroid
5 nerves of the orbit
Optic, oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal 1, abducens
What are the nerves of the cavernous sinus?
trigeminal 2, trigeminal 1, oculomotor, trochlear, abducens
What is the nerve running with carotid artery in cavernous sinus?
What happens if its injured?
abducens
eye will adduct
What are the 7 openings of the lateral nasal wall from superior to inferior?
Sphenoid
SUPERIOR CONCHA
Posterior Ethmoid
MIDDLE CONCHA
Middle Ethmoid
Maxillary, Anterior Ethmoid, Frontal
INFERIOR CONCHA
Nasolacrimal
What are the 5 nerves of the nasal cavity?
V1- ethmoidal to external nasal
V2- nasopalatine
Sympathetics T1 & SCG - deep petrosal
Parasympathetics of VII- greater petrosal
What controls anterior 2/3 taste of the tongue?
chorda tympani
What controls anterior 2/3 sensation to tongue?
lingual (V3)
What controls posterior 1/3 taste and sensation of tongue?
CN IX
What supplies motor to the tongue?
CN XII
What are the nerves to the external ear?
C2-C3- lower ear
V3 (auriculotemporal)- upper ear
What nerves innervate middle ear?
CN X, CN VII, CN IX
What is the corneal blink reflex?
Felt by V(1)
Motor by VII
What is the pupillary light reflex?
Felt by CN II
Motor by CN III (constriction) or SCG (dilation)
What is the blink/startle reflex?
Felt by CN II and CN VIII
Motor by CN VII
What is the sneeze reflex?
Felt by V(2)
Motor by CN X
Lesions of the long tracts (white matter) of spinal cord result in deficits
at and below lesion
Lesions of gray matter in the spinal cord results in deficits
at the level of the lesion
What is Zenker’s diverticulum?
weak spots in the pharyngeal wall where pouches develop usually at inferior constrictor
can cause choking, aspiration etc
What is torticollis?
short SCM- looks like contracted SCM
What can cause paralysis of the trap/drooping of the shoulder?
spinal accessory nerve injury (posterior triangle)
Where is an emergency airway accessed?
cricothyroid membrane
Which glands are only serous glands?
parotid and lacrimal
Which gland is mixed but mostly serous?
submandibular
Which gland is mixed but mostly mucous?
sublingual
What is sialithiasis?
stones of the salivary glands- usually parotid or submandibular
The uvula will move ____ injury of CN __
move AWAY from
CN X
Hypertensive bleeds tend to occur in the
basal ganglia (lenticulostriate vessels)
What is lost in Alzhiemers disease?
Meynert ACh
The stria terminalis connects the amygdala via the
septal nuclei
Auditory information??
medial geniculate
Visual information??
Lateral geniculate
Path of visual information
cross
optic tract
lat geniculate
optic radiations
calcarine fissure
Lesions in what will cause ipsilateral symptoms
cerebellum, dentate, peduncles
Lesions in what will cause contralateral symptoms
cortex, corticopontine, red nucleus, inferior olive
What is the cerebellar loop?
corticopontine fibers go down & cross to opposite cerebellum
modifications exit dentate nucleus and superior peduncle
cross back to original side via red nucleus
travel down to inferior olive
then finally back to opposite cerebellum via inferior peduncle
basal ganglia function?
facilitation and inhibition of motor and cognition
What would a lesion in the central cerebellum (vermis) cause?
loss of axial coordination, balance, gait
*** MAGNETIC GAIT ***
What would a lesion in the lateral cerebellum cause?
intention tremor, overshoot, undershoot
What would a lesion in the floculonodular region cause?
nystagmus
An obstuction of anterior cerebral artery would cause
issues with lower extremities
obstruction of middle cerebral artery would cause
face or speech issues
Obstruction of posterior cerebral artery would cause
issues with visual cortex, thalamus
obstruction of anterior inferior cerebellar artery would cause
issues with facial or vestibulocochlear nerves
Obstruction of posterior inferior cerebellar arteries would cause
issues with vestibulocochlear, glossopharyngeal, vagus,
Superior colliculi
double vision
frontal eye field lesions mean a pt cant look to the
opposite side
LOOK TO THE LESION
