final exam vocab Flashcards
accommodation
allows religious or ethnic groups to maintain their distinctive cultures within mainstream society
adam smith
father of capitalism
accumulate
gain a increasing amount of something
artifacts
an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest
acculture
change as a result of contact with other cultural groups
adaption
the action or process of adapting or being adapted
anti-globalization
perspective of individuals and groups opposed to global trade agreements and their negative consequences for people in less developed countries, for the environment, and for peace
affirm
to state or assert positively; maintain as true
ancestral
of, belonging to, inherited from, or denoting an ancestor or ancestors
anglophone
english-speaking
assimilation
the absorption of a minority group by a dominant group
abundant
existing or available in large quantities; plentiful
atlantic slave trade
atlantic slave trade was the selling of african slaves by europeans that happened in and around the ttlantic ocean; lasted from the 15th century to the 19th century, most slaves were brought over on a slave ship.
americanization
the action of making a person or thing american in character or nationality
act
an instrument that records a fact or something that has been said, done, or agreed
apartheid
a policy of the south african government from 1948 to 1990 that denied rights to non-white citizens
apartheid movement
racial seggreation in south africa
aptn (aboriginal people’s television network)
aboriginal canadian television network that produces programming by and for aboriginal peooples
bias
an inclination that makes it hard to judge fairly
bilingualism
ability to speak more than one language
bio waste
any material that contains or has been contaminated by a biohazardous agent
bretton woods agreement
an agreement forged after the second world ware in bretton woods, new hempshire, by 44 countries to establish a system of rules, institutions, and procedures for the postwar global economy
belgian congo
a belgian colony in central africa from 1908 until independence in 1960
berlin conference
made rules for european colonization and trade in africa
boycott
a consumer’s refusal to purchase goods or services from a company because of disagreement with its corporate policies
border wars
a disagreement between countries about where the border between them should be drawn
can con (canadian content)
the amount of canadian participation in canada’s broadcasting industry in such areas as direction, writing, performance, cinematography, music composition, and so on
compensation
something, typically money, awarded to someone as a recompense for loss, injury, or suffering
culture
the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group
capitalism
an economic system for increasing individual wealth, requiring a relatively free market, open competition, the profit motive, and at least some private ownership of the means of production
consumerism (consumer)
a person who purchases goods and services for personal use
cottage industry
domestic system, also called putting-out system, production system widespread in 17th-century western europe in which merchant-employers “put out” materials to rural producers who usually worked in their homes but sometimes laboured in workshops or in turn put out work to others
corporations
a legal entity that’s separate from its owners; can make a profit, be taxed, and can be held legally liable
collective identity
the combination of beliefs, values, view of history, and language of a people
cash crops
a crop produced for its commercial value rather than for use by the grower
competition
the activity or condition of competing
complexity
the state or quality of being intricate or complicated
colonialism
the policy or practice of acquiring full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers, and exploiting it economically
cause and effects
relationship in which one event (the cause) makes another event happen (the effect)
columbian exchange
the process by which plants, animals, diseases, people, and ideas have been introduced from europe, asia, and africa to the americas and vice versa
communist
a planned economic system in which government owns all means of production and all people work for government-owned and government-run enterprises
capitalist
a wealthy person who uses money to invest in trade and industry for profit in accordance with the principles of capitalism
cultural diversity
the existence of a variety of cultural or ethnic groups within a society
cultural institutions
organization within a culture/subculture that works for the preservation or promotion of culture
cultural pluralism
a condition in which minority groups participate fully in the dominant society, yet maintain their cultural differences
cultural dominance
culture over another other, by a deliberate policy or by economic or technological superiority; cultural domination can take the form of an active, formal policy or a general attitude
child labour
the use of children in industry or business, especially when illegal or considered inhumane
common currency
widely used and accepted
commercialism
emphasis on the maximizing of profit
cultural contact
the interaction of diverse cultures and perspectives, which may result in changes in values, beliefs, and traditions
cultural legislation
aims at the introduction of a legal framework regarding cultural rights
cultural revitalization
a process through which unique cultures regain a sense of identity, such as through promoting heritage languages or reviving traditions and customs
cultural conflict
conflict of behavior patterns and values that results when different cultures are incompletely assimilated
commodity
a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee
convergence
the act of converging and especially moving toward union or uniformity
crown corporations
government-owned companies within canada
crtc (canadian radio and television commission)
the public authority that regulates and promotes canadian culture in the broadcast media
common market
an agreement between or among countries that includes the free trade of goods and services and the free movement of capital and labour within the trading block
diversity
variety
devlopment
the process of developing or being developed
domination
the exercise of control or influence over someone or something, or the state of being so controlled
displace
take over the place, position, or role of (someone or something)
doubling time
the time it takes for a population to double in size/value
democratization
the introduction of a democratic system or democratic principles
economic
the dimension of life that concerns the production and exchange of goods, services, money, and resources
emigration
people moving out somewhere
exchange rates
the price at which one national currency can be purchased for another
exports
send (goods or services) to another country for sale
eurocentrism
a belief that the european world view is superior to all others
equal distribution
allowing the natural resources to be distributed equally to each section of the society rather than accumulating the resources in the hand of few persons
ethnocentrism
ethnicity, inter-ethnic relations, and similar inter-group issues are of concern; thinking one’s own group’s ways are superior to others
environmentalism
concern about and action aimed at protecting the environment
ethnical
deriving from or distinctive of the ways of living built up by a group of people
environmental stewardship
responsible use and protection of the natural environment through conservation and sustainable practices to enhance ecosystem resilience and human well-being
economic globalization
the increasing interdependence of world economies as a result of the growing scale of cross-border trade of commodities and services, flow of international capital and wide and rapid spread of technologies
extinct
having no living members; no longer in existence
european union
the world’s largest and most powerful common market, which works to develop common foreign and security policies and to address other issues such as citizens’ rights, job creation, regional development, and environmental protection
francophone
french-speaking
fluent
able to express oneself easily and articulately
fundamental
forming a necessary base or core; of central importance
free trade (pta)
a preferential trade area with increased depth and scope of tariffs reduction
factory
a building or group of buildings where goods are manufactured or assembled chiefly by machine
free market
a market in which government would regulate nothing and all businesses and property would be privately owned
french immersion
form of bilingual education where students learn french
free market economy
a system in which government does not intervene (or intervenes only minimally) in the production and control of goods and services
free trade agreement
1989 economic treaty between canada and the united states that sought to promote trade by reducing tariffs and other barriers between the two countries
government intervention
regulatory action taken by government that seek to change the decisions made by individuals, groups and organizations about social and economic matters
global market
market in which goods and services of one country are traded (purchased or sold) to people of other counties
genetically modified organisms (gmo’s)
an organism that has had its dna altered or modified in some way through genetic engineering
group of eight (g8)
an informal group of the eight major industrial democracies that meets at annual summits to discuss economic and foreign policies
globalization
the process that is making the world’s citizens increasingly interdependent economically, socially, politically, environmentally, and technologically
gross domestic products
the total value of goods and services produced in a country in a calendar year
greenhouse gas
a gas that contributes to the greenhouse effect by absorbing infrared radiation
gandi
most famous for his philosophy of nonviolence
general agreement on tariffs and trade (gatt)
an international agreement between 1947 and 1995 that aimed to reduce trade barriers among member countries
gold standard
a provision of the bretton woods agreement that all printed money, such as a paper dollar, would be convertible to gold and could be cashed in at any time for that gold
homogenization
a trend toward uniformity, as with world popular culture as a result of globalization
human rights
a right that is believed to belong justifiably to every person
heritage
property that is or may be inherited; an inheritance
hybridization
the blending of media and communications technologies resulting in new modes of expression and cross-cultural consumption
hyphenated canadian
people who were born in another country but have canadian citizenships
integration
the incorporation of diverse minority groups into mainstream society
interdependence
the dependence of two or more people or things on each other
identity
the fact of being who or what a person or thing is
institution
society or organization founded for a religious, educational, social, or similar purpose
imposing
grand and impressive in appearance
inequality
difference in size, degree, circumstances
immigration
people moving into a country
industrial output
what an industry produces, as a national total
international
existing, occurring, or carried on between two or more nations
imports
ring (goods or services) into a country from abroad for sale
international monetary fund
international agency that works with the world bank to bring stability to international monetary affairs and to help expand world trade
industrial revolution
the combination of social and economic changes brought about by the extensive use f machinery in production, especially in great britain in the 18 and 19th century
isolation
the process or fact of isolating or being isolated
industry
economic activity concerned with the processing of raw materials and manufacture of goods in factories
inflation
a situation in which the amount of currency in circulation increases yet each unit of currency buys less
industrialization
a stage of economic development that occurs when the place of production shifts from the home and small craft shops to large factories
deindustrialization
decline in industrial activity in a region or economy; india
indian act
primary law the federal government uses to administer Indian status
imperialism
a policy of extending a country’s power and influence through diplomacy or military force
old imperialism
european imperialism before the middle of the 19th century driven mainly by trade and the desire to make money
new imperalism
the extension of a nation’s influence over another
neo imperialism
the practice of using economic imperialism, globalization, cultural imperialism and conditional aid to influence a developing country
the three g’s
gold, god, glory
justify
show or prove to be right or reasonable
kyoto protocol
international agreement that came into force on february 16, 2005, intended to reduce greenhouse gas emissions as means to combat climate change
kimberly accord
international certification scheme that regulates trade in rough diamonds
legacy
left something behind
land claims
seek to address wrongs made against Indigenous peoples, their rights and lands, by the federal and provincial or territorial governments
labour day
a public holiday or day of festivities held in honor of working people
labour law
a law relating to the rights and responsibilities of workers
literacy rates
the percentage of the population of a given age group that can read and write
latin america
entire continent of south america
les a faire
leave it alone
luxury goods
goods for which demand increases more than what is proportional as income rises
landlock
area with no surrounding oceans
marginalization
the pushing of a group to the “margins” of society, where they hold little social, political, or economic power
mercantilism
from the 16th to the 19th centuries, a system of government-sponsored international business ventures designed to make european monarchs rich
metis
person of mixed indigenous and euro-american ancestry
modern
relating to the present or recent times
mass production
manufacturing of large quantities of standardized products
media convergence
mergers of media transnationals that result in a concentration of ownership
migration
movement from one part of something to another
minorities
discuss minority groups in international and national politics
manufactured
produced on a large scale using machinery
minimum wage
the lowest wage permitted by law or by a special agreement (such as one with a labor union)
multiculturalism
the presence of, or support for the presence of, several distinct cultural or ethnic groups within a society
monoculture
the uniform global popular culture that results from globalization
multinational corporations
corporation that is registered and operates in more than one country at a time
mutually beneficial
relying on or requiring a person or thing for support, supply, or what is needed
market
the exchange of goods and services takes place as a result of buyers and sellers being in contact with one another
mediterranean
the mediterranean sea or the countries bordering it
mercantilists
belief in the benefits of profitable trading; commercialism
negotiations
discussion aimed at reaching an agreement
nelson mandela
south africa’s first black president that directed a campaign of peaceful, nonviolent defiance against the south african government and its racist policies
natural resources
materials or substances such as minerals, forests, water, and fertile land that occur in nature and can be used for economic gain
north american free trade agreement (nafta)
1994 treaty among canada, the united states, and mexico to improve trade by removing tariffs and other economic barriers
new world
ands in the western hemisphere
old world
no america (south and north)
non-violent resistance
peaceful resistance to a government by fasting or refusing to cooperate
non-renewable resource
oil and fossil fuels
non-governmental organization (ngo)
an organization that is, generally, formed independent from government
nationalism
the taking over of ownership by a government from private business
outsourcing
the hiring of one company by another to fulfill certain tasks in production
pluralism
a condition or system in which two or more states, groups, principles, sources of authority, coexist
prophets
a person regarded as an inspired teacher or proclaimer of the will of god
privatization
the sale of government-owned industries and services to private businesses
protectionism
the theory or practice of shielding a country’s domestic industries from foreign competition by taxing imports
paternalism
the policy or practice on the part of people in positions of authority of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of those subordinate to them in the subordinates’ supposed best interest
private ownership
being owned by a private individual or organization, rather than by the state or a public body
peculiarities
an odd or unusual feature or habit
philanthropy
the desire to promote the welfare of others, expressed especially by the generous donation of money to good causes
petitioning
make or present a formal request to (an authority) with respect to a particular cause
prosperity
condition of being successful or thriving especially
political globalization
development and growing influence of international organizations; governmental action takes place at an international level
parent country
the country from which the people of a colony or former colony derive their origin
quotas
proportional shares, such as those paid by member countries of the international monetary fund
quality of life
the conditions in people’s lives
religious minorities
any group of persons which constitutes less than half of the population in the entire territory of a state whose members share common characteristics of culture, religion or language, or a combination of any of these
residential schools
boarding schools for the acculturation and assimilation of aboriginal students, run by religious groups or government from the 1830s to the 1950s
religion
the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal god or gods
raw materials
the basic material from which a product is made
red paper
defended treaty rights and indigenous rights to lands, public services and self-determination
reducing barriers of trade
promotes increased international trade because it allows for more competition
rhonda genocide
members of the tutsi minority ethnic group, as well as some moderate hutu and twa, were slaughtered by armed militias
religious tolerance
The condition of permitting people to worship according to the practices of any religion they choos
rule of law
the restriction of the arbitrary exercise of power by subordinating it to well-defined and established laws
regulate
rule or mechanism that limits, steers, or otherwise controls social behavior
reconciliation
the restoration of friendly relations
rural
in, relating to, or characteristic of the countryside rather than the town
symbols
things that represent something
scramble for africa
the invasion, occupation, division, and colonization of most of africa by seven western european powers during a short period known to historians as the new imperialism
secular
the complete separation between matters of state and religion
self-governance
government of a country by its own people, especially after having been a colony
salvation
preservation or deliverance from harm, ruin, or loss
slavery
the state of being a slave
sustainability
the ability to be maintained at a certain rate or level
subjugate
bring under domination or control, especially by conquest
segregation
the action or state of setting someone or something apart from other people or things or being set apart
standard of living
common measure of the quantity and quality of goods and services to which people have access
standard of living vs quality of life
standard of living refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods, and necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class or geographic area
quality of life, on the other hand, is a subjective term that can measure happiness
silk road
series of ancient trade networks that connected china and the far east with countries in europe and the middle east
self sufficient
able to do by yourself
social programs
provide services that support personal, social and emotional well-being
sustainable prosperity
concept of equitable, long-term economic activity
sweatshops
a factory or workshop, especially in the clothing industry, where manual workers are employed at very low wages for long hours and under poor conditions
synonyms
a word, morpheme, or phrase that means exactly or nearly the same as another word, morpheme, or phrase in a given languag
subsidies
financial help given by government to help support an industry
stewardship
the obligation to maintain resources in a sustainable manner
tradition
the customs of a family or culture
trade barriers
a government-imposed restraint on the flow of international goods or services
trade and liberalization
he removal or reduction of restrictions or barriers on the free exchange of goods between nations
transnational media corporations
creates media commodities, ideologies, and profits
the white man’s burden
poem that justified european imperialism
tariffs
a tax imposed on imports to increase their price and thus reduce competition with domestic products
urbanization
the growth of towns and cities, as people migrate from rural areas in search of work and other opportunities
white paper
a government or other authoritative report giving information or proposals on an issue
watch dog
group that watches the activities of a particular part of government in order to report illegal acts or problems
world bank
an agency of the united nations that in practice is independent and controlled by its 184 member countries, which provides loans to less developed countries that are in financial difficulty
world trade organization (wto)
international organization founded in 1995 that works to improve trade relations among the world’s countries, especially by removing tariffs and other barriers to trade
