Final Exam Terms Review (Gr. 12) Flashcards
cram for exam
What is Bias?
the influence our individual perspective has on what we read, hear, see, and believe. Understanding bias helps develop empathy
What is omission
is a type of ignorance-based thinking; when certain groups are rarely portrayed in media, literature, & art. Only certain negative aspects are shown when portrayed.
What is prejudice/stereotype?
the use of simplified attributes to describe an entire group. Can be positive or negative. it is always harmful
What is oversimplification?
avoidance of an in-depth analysis on a situation
What is identity?
is a person’s perceived self.
What is discrimination?
taking action to mistreat someone based on their bias.
What is racism?
discrimination based on race
Tipi teachings
The structure of the tipi teaches the values of obedience, respect, humility, happiness, love, faith, kinship, cleanliness, thankfulness, sharing, strength, good child rearing, hope, ultimate protection, and lastly, what the control flaps represent.
What is the Terra Nullius?
The Latin expression terra nullius means “nobody’s land.” It is an old concept used by the European government to justify colonization. It us used to describe uninhabited or unclaimed territory.
Th fur trade
The Canadian fur trade refers to the historical economic activity in which European traders, primarily from France and Britain, engaged with Indigenous peoples in Canada to exchange fur pelts for European goods. This trade, spanning the 17th to 19th centuries, played a significant role in shaping economic and social relationships between Indigenous communities and European settlers in North America.
What is assimilation?
is the process by which individuals or groups adopt the cultural practices and norms of another culture, often leading to a loss of their original cultural identity.
What is colonialism?
is a system in which a powerful nation extends its control over other territories, exploiting them economically and imposing its culture and governance on the indigenous population.
What is paternalism?
refers to the attitude or policy of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of subordinates for their supposed best interest. It can occur in various contexts, such as in govs., orgs, or even within families, where 1 group/person assumes the role of a “parent” and makes decisions on behalf of others, limiting their autonomy.
What does it mean by “made beaver”?
refers to processed and prepared beaver pelts, particularly during the North American fur trade, when these pelts were valued commodities traded with European settlers for various goods.
Hudson’s Bay Company
Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) is one of the oldest fur trading companies, established in 1670, with a significant historical role in North America. HBC operated as a fur trading monopoly in its early years, controlling much of the fur trade in the Hudson Bay watershed. The company later expanded its activities into other areas, establishing forts, trading posts, and settlements. British
Northwest Company
The Northwest Company was a fur trading business that operated in North America from 1779 to 1821. It was a major competitor of the Hudson’s Bay Company in the fur trade industry. The Northwest Company, also known as the Nor’Westers, was established in Montreal and focused on the fur-rich regions of the Canadian northwest, including the Great Lakes and the Athabasca region.
The company engaged in an intense rivalry with the Hudson’s Bay Company, leading to competition and conflicts known as the fur trade wars. In 1821, due to financial challenges and ongoing disputes, the two companies merged under the name Hudson’s Bay Company. The merged entity continued to play a crucial role in the fur trade and the development of the Canadian West.
What is Metis culture?
Métis culture is the rich and distinctive heritage of a people with mixed Indigenous and European ancestry, predominantly found in Canada. Emerging from the historical fur trade society, the Métis developed a unique cultural identity with its own language, Michif, blending Indigenous languages (such as Cree or Ojibwe) with French. Métis art is known for intricate beadwork, often featuring floral patterns, and traditional crafts. Their dances, like the Red River Jig, and music reflect a fusion of Indigenous and European influences. Métis cuisine is characterized by dishes like bannock and pemmican, combining Indigenous and European culinary traditions. Traditional clothing includes unique sashes and styles, embodying the cultural synthesis of the Métis people.
What was the Red River Resistance?
was an uprising in 1869–70 in the Red River Colony. The resistance was sparked by the transfer of the vast territory of Rupert’s Land to the new Dominion of Canada. The colony of farmers and hunters, many of them Métis, occupied a corner of Rupert’s Land and feared for their culture and land rights under Canadian control. The Métis mounted a resistance and declared a provisional government to negotiate terms for entering Confederation. The uprising led to the creation of the province of Manitoba, and the emergence of Métis leader Louis Riel — a hero to his people and many in Quebec, but an outlaw in the eyes of the Canadian government.
What was the North-West Resistance?
was a violent, five-month insurgency against the Canadian government, fought mainly by Métis and their First Nations allies in what is now Saskatchewan and Alberta. It was caused by rising fear and insecurity among the Métis and First Nations peoples as well as the white settlers of the rapidly changing West. A series of battles and other outbreaks of violence in 1885 left hundreds of people dead, but the resisters were eventually defeated by federal troops. The result was the permanent enforcement of Canadian law in the West, the subjugation of Plains Indigenous Peoples in Canada, and the conviction and hanging of Louis Riel.
Define treaties
refers to agreements between indigenous nations and the governments of settler states. These agreements were historically used to define relationships, land rights, and other arrangements.
What was the Royal Proclamation of 1763?
is a document that set out guidelines for European settlement of Aboriginal territories in what is now North America. The Royal Proclamation was initially issued by King George III in 1763 to officially claim British territory in North America after Britain won the Seven Years War. In the Royal Proclamation, ownership over North America is issued to King George. However, the Royal Proclamation explicitly states that Aboriginal title has existed and continues to exist, and that all land would be considered Aboriginal land until ceded by treaty. The Proclamation forbade settlers from claiming land from the Aboriginal occupants, unless it has been first bought by the Crown and then sold to the settlers. The Royal Proclamation further sets out that only the Crown can buy land from First Nations.
What are reserves?
specific areas of land set aside for the use and benefit of indigenous communities. These lands are typically managed by the respective indigenous governments or authorities and may have a special legal and administrative status.
What are the Inherent/Aboriginal Rights?
Inherent/Aboriginal rights are basic entitlements that Indigenous people naturally have because of their long-standing cultural, historical, and land connections. These rights include practicing traditions, preserving languages, and self-governance. They’re closely linked to land and resources, recognizing Indigenous communities’ historical ties to their ancestral territories. These rights are crucial for negotiations and legal recognition, aiming to address past wrongs and improve the well-being of Indigenous populations.
What were the different views on Treaties at the time of signing?
At the time of the signing, the settlers had a euro-centric view that saw the treaties as tools for land acquisition. Many settler governments aimed to secure access to indigenous lands for agriculture, settlement, and resource extraction. Some settler officials saw treaties as a means to assimilate indigenous populations into Western ways of life, with the expectation that indigenous peoples would adopt European farming practices and abandon their traditional lifestyles.
In contrast, the Indigenous peoples viewed the treaties as sacred agreements that established peaceful coexistence and shared land use. Some indigenous groups believed that treaties were agreements to share the land rather than cede it entirely. They expected that they could continue their traditional practices on the reserved lands. Many indigenous peoples saw treaties as mechanisms to protect their inherent rights, ensuring the recognition of their autonomy, self-governance, and cultural practices.
