Final Exam Terms Review (Gr. 12)

Question 1

What is Bias?

Answer 1

the influence our individual perspective has on what we read, hear, see, and believe. Understanding bias helps develop empathy

Question 2

What is omission

Answer 2

is a type of ignorance-based thinking; when certain groups are rarely portrayed in media, literature, & art. Only certain negative aspects are shown when portrayed.

Question 3

What is prejudice/stereotype?

Answer 3

the use of simplified attributes to describe an entire group. Can be positive or negative. it is always harmful

Question 4

What is oversimplification?

Answer 4

avoidance of an in-depth analysis on a situation

Question 5

What is identity?

Answer 5

is a person’s perceived self.

Question 6

What is discrimination?

Answer 6

taking action to mistreat someone based on their bias.

Question 7

What is racism?

Answer 7

discrimination based on race

Question 8

Tipi teachings

Answer 8

The structure of the tipi teaches the values of obedience, respect, humility, happiness, love, faith, kinship, cleanliness, thankfulness, sharing, strength, good child rearing, hope, ultimate protection, and lastly, what the control flaps represent.

Question 9

What is the Terra Nullius?

Answer 9

The Latin expression terra nullius means “nobody’s land.” It is an old concept used by the European government to justify colonization. It us used to describe uninhabited or unclaimed territory.

Question 10

Th fur trade

Answer 10

The Canadian fur trade refers to the historical economic activity in which European traders, primarily from France and Britain, engaged with Indigenous peoples in Canada to exchange fur pelts for European goods. This trade, spanning the 17th to 19th centuries, played a significant role in shaping economic and social relationships between Indigenous communities and European settlers in North America.

Question 11

What is assimilation?

Answer 11

is the process by which individuals or groups adopt the cultural practices and norms of another culture, often leading to a loss of their original cultural identity.

Question 12

What is colonialism?

Answer 12

is a system in which a powerful nation extends its control over other territories, exploiting them economically and imposing its culture and governance on the indigenous population.

Question 13

What is paternalism?

Answer 13

refers to the attitude or policy of restricting the freedom and responsibilities of subordinates for their supposed best interest. It can occur in various contexts, such as in govs., orgs, or even within families, where 1 group/person assumes the role of a “parent” and makes decisions on behalf of others, limiting their autonomy.

Question 14

What does it mean by “made beaver”?

Answer 14

refers to processed and prepared beaver pelts, particularly during the North American fur trade, when these pelts were valued commodities traded with European settlers for various goods.

Question 15

Hudson’s Bay Company

Answer 15

Hudson’s Bay Company (HBC) is one of the oldest fur trading companies, established in 1670, with a significant historical role in North America. HBC operated as a fur trading monopoly in its early years, controlling much of the fur trade in the Hudson Bay watershed. The company later expanded its activities into other areas, establishing forts, trading posts, and settlements. British

Question 16

Northwest Company

Answer 16

The Northwest Company was a fur trading business that operated in North America from 1779 to 1821. It was a major competitor of the Hudson’s Bay Company in the fur trade industry. The Northwest Company, also known as the Nor’Westers, was established in Montreal and focused on the fur-rich regions of the Canadian northwest, including the Great Lakes and the Athabasca region.
The company engaged in an intense rivalry with the Hudson’s Bay Company, leading to competition and conflicts known as the fur trade wars. In 1821, due to financial challenges and ongoing disputes, the two companies merged under the name Hudson’s Bay Company. The merged entity continued to play a crucial role in the fur trade and the development of the Canadian West.

Question 17

What is Metis culture?

Answer 17

Métis culture is the rich and distinctive heritage of a people with mixed Indigenous and European ancestry, predominantly found in Canada. Emerging from the historical fur trade society, the Métis developed a unique cultural identity with its own language, Michif, blending Indigenous languages (such as Cree or Ojibwe) with French. Métis art is known for intricate beadwork, often featuring floral patterns, and traditional crafts. Their dances, like the Red River Jig, and music reflect a fusion of Indigenous and European influences. Métis cuisine is characterized by dishes like bannock and pemmican, combining Indigenous and European culinary traditions. Traditional clothing includes unique sashes and styles, embodying the cultural synthesis of the Métis people.

Question 18

What was the Red River Resistance?

Answer 18

was an uprising in 1869–70 in the Red River Colony. The resistance was sparked by the transfer of the vast territory of Rupert’s Land to the new Dominion of Canada. The colony of farmers and hunters, many of them Métis, occupied a corner of Rupert’s Land and feared for their culture and land rights under Canadian control. The Métis mounted a resistance and declared a provisional government to negotiate terms for entering Confederation. The uprising led to the creation of the province of Manitoba, and the emergence of Métis leader Louis Riel — a hero to his people and many in Quebec, but an outlaw in the eyes of the Canadian government.

Question 19

What was the North-West Resistance?

Answer 19

was a violent, five-month insurgency against the Canadian government, fought mainly by Métis and their First Nations allies in what is now Saskatchewan and Alberta. It was caused by rising fear and insecurity among the Métis and First Nations peoples as well as the white settlers of the rapidly changing West. A series of battles and other outbreaks of violence in 1885 left hundreds of people dead, but the resisters were eventually defeated by federal troops. The result was the permanent enforcement of Canadian law in the West, the subjugation of Plains Indigenous Peoples in Canada, and the conviction and hanging of Louis Riel.

Question 20

Define treaties

Answer 20

refers to agreements between indigenous nations and the governments of settler states. These agreements were historically used to define relationships, land rights, and other arrangements.

Question 21

What was the Royal Proclamation of 1763?

Answer 21

is a document that set out guidelines for European settlement of Aboriginal territories in what is now North America. The Royal Proclamation was initially issued by King George III in 1763 to officially claim British territory in North America after Britain won the Seven Years War. In the Royal Proclamation, ownership over North America is issued to King George. However, the Royal Proclamation explicitly states that Aboriginal title has existed and continues to exist, and that all land would be considered Aboriginal land until ceded by treaty. The Proclamation forbade settlers from claiming land from the Aboriginal occupants, unless it has been first bought by the Crown and then sold to the settlers. The Royal Proclamation further sets out that only the Crown can buy land from First Nations.

Question 22

What are reserves?

Answer 22

specific areas of land set aside for the use and benefit of indigenous communities. These lands are typically managed by the respective indigenous governments or authorities and may have a special legal and administrative status.

Question 23

What are the Inherent/Aboriginal Rights?

Answer 23

Inherent/Aboriginal rights are basic entitlements that Indigenous people naturally have because of their long-standing cultural, historical, and land connections. These rights include practicing traditions, preserving languages, and self-governance. They’re closely linked to land and resources, recognizing Indigenous communities’ historical ties to their ancestral territories. These rights are crucial for negotiations and legal recognition, aiming to address past wrongs and improve the well-being of Indigenous populations.

Question 24

What were the different views on Treaties at the time of signing?

Answer 24

At the time of the signing, the settlers had a euro-centric view that saw the treaties as tools for land acquisition. Many settler governments aimed to secure access to indigenous lands for agriculture, settlement, and resource extraction. Some settler officials saw treaties as a means to assimilate indigenous populations into Western ways of life, with the expectation that indigenous peoples would adopt European farming practices and abandon their traditional lifestyles.
In contrast, the Indigenous peoples viewed the treaties as sacred agreements that established peaceful coexistence and shared land use. Some indigenous groups believed that treaties were agreements to share the land rather than cede it entirely. They expected that they could continue their traditional practices on the reserved lands. Many indigenous peoples saw treaties as mechanisms to protect their inherent rights, ensuring the recognition of their autonomy, self-governance, and cultural practices.

Question 25

What is the Spirt and Intent of the Treaties?

Answer 25

The treaties was meant to be a pact of mutual respect between the Indigenous nations and the Crown, insuring that both parties live in harmony. The spirit and intent, included the recognition of traditional Indigenous territories and the commitment to protect them from encroachment.

Question 26

Define Enfranchised

Answer 26

forcing people to surrender status to become citizens (vote, etc.)

Question 27

Define consensus

Answer 27

is a shared agreement or unanimous decision reached through discussion and compromise within a group.

Question 28

Define Hierarchical

Answer 28

refers to a structured system with levels or ranks, indicating a clear order of authority or importance.

Question 29

What is Governance?

Answer 29

the rules and procedures by which a group of people organize themselves politically

Question 30

What is self-government?

Answer 30

refers to a system in which a community or political entity has the authority to govern itself, make decisions, and manage its own affairs without direct interference from external authorities.

Question 31

What is Status?

Answer 31

refers to the position, condition, or standing of an individual, group, or entity within a particular context or system. It often involves recognition, rights, or distinctions associated with one’s standing in a social, legal, or organizational framework.

Question 32

What is the White Paper 1969?

Answer 32

The White Paper of 1969, officially titled “Statement of the Government of Canada on Indian Policy,” was a policy document released by the Canadian government under Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau. The White Paper proposed a significant shift in the federal government’s approach to Indigenous peoples in Canada.

Question 33

What did the White paper suggest?

Answer 33

The White Paper advocated for the elimination of legal distinctions between Indigenous and non-Indigenous people, including the removal of special legal status granted to Indigenous peoples under the Indian Act. The intent was to assimilate Indigenous people into mainstream Canadian society. The document proposed the termination of existing treaties between the Canadian government and Indigenous nations. The White Paper suggested ending the reserve system, which involved abolishing the communal landholding arrangements on reserves and encouraging Indigenous individuals to own private property. The policy aimed to promote equality and eliminate discriminatory practices, but its approach was criticized for not taking into account the historical and social inequalities faced by Indigenous peoples.

Question 34

What is the Red Paper?

Answer 34

The Red Paper, officially titled “Citizens Plus,” was a response document to the White Paper of 1969, which had proposed significant changes to Canadian government policy towards Indigenous peoples. The Red Paper was issued by the National Indian Brotherhood (now the Assembly of First Nations) in 1970.

Question 35

What was the Red Paper about?

Answer 35

The Red Paper strongly rejected the assimilation policies proposed in the White Paper. It argued for the preservation of Indigenous cultures, languages, and identities, emphasizing the importance of recognizing and respecting the distinct status of Indigenous peoples. The document affirmed the importance of existing treaties between Indigenous nations and the Canadian government. It argued that treaties were legal and binding agreements that formed the basis for the relationship between Indigenous peoples and the Canadian state. The Red Paper advocated for the recognition of the right to self-determination for Indigenous peoples. It called for increased control over their own affairs, education, and social and economic development. The Red Paper emphasized the need for Indigenous communities to have control over their traditional lands and resources. It rejected the idea of terminating reserves and advocated for the protection of Indigenous land rights. It argued for the acknowledgment of inherent rights, which include the right to self-governance and cultural practices.

Question 36

What is the National Indian Brotherhood?

Answer 36

a political organization that represented the interests of Indigenous peoples in Canada. It was established in 1968 and played a significant role in advocating for the rights and well-being of First Nations individuals and communities. In 1982, the National Indian Brotherhood became the Assembly of First Nations (AFN).

Question 37

What is the Pass system?

Answer 37

The pass system was a historical practice in Canada that restricted the movement of Indigenous people by requiring them to obtain permits to leave designated reserves. It was a means of control, surveillance, and assimilation, impacting Indigenous livelihoods and autonomy. Abolished in the mid-20th century, it is recognized as a historical injustice.

Question 38

What is an Indian Agent?

Answer 38

are government appointed representatives on reserves. They controlled everything the Indian Act dealt with.

Question 39

What is the Indian Act?

Answer 39

The Indian Act, first created in 1876, are Canadian government laws that encouraged assimilation. The existence of this act meant that the lives of First Nations people were strictly controlled by government officials.

Question 40

Who is Mary Two-Axe Earley?

Answer 40

Mary Two-Axe Earley was a tireless advocate against gender-based discrimination in the Indian Act, a piece of Canadian legislation that governed various aspects of Indigenous life. Under the Act, Indigenous women who married non-Indigenous men risked losing their Indian status and associated rights, while Indigenous men who married non-Indigenous women did not face the same consequences. In the 1960s and 1970s, she challenged these discriminatory provisions through legal means. She argued that the Indian Act violated the principle of gender equality and denied Indigenous women their rights, including the right to live on reserves and pass on status to their children.

Question 41

What is the Assembly of First Nations?

Answer 41

The Assembly of First Nations (AFN) is a national advocacy organization in Canada representing the collective interests of First Nations. It engages with the Canadian government to address issues such as Indigenous rights, land claims, and the well-being of Indigenous communities. The AFN is led by a National Chief and includes regional representation from various First Nations across Canada.

Question 42

What is the Constitution Act?

Answer 42

The Constitution Act of 1867, originally the British North America Act, united Canada’s provinces into a federal state. It established the federal system, delineated powers between federal and provincial governments, and laid the foundation for Canada’s constitution. The act was patriated in 1982, adding the Charter of Rights and Freedoms to guarantee fundamental rights.

Question 43

Define Indian Status

Answer 43

Indian Status is a legal designation in Canada under the Indian Act, identifying individuals as registered Indians. It is linked to eligibility criteria, providing access to certain rights, benefits, and recognition as members of specific First Nations or bands.

Question 44

What is a land claim?

Answer 44

A land claim is when First Nations group have to persuade the government to recognize Indigenous rights and allow them to reclaim their lands after the government failed to honor its many promises regarding it.

Question 45

What are specific land claims?

Answer 45

Specific land claims in Canada involve legal actions related to violations of the Indian Act or treaties, mismanagement of First Nations assets by the government, or illegal sales or transfers of First Nations lands. Resolved through negotiation or the court system, compensation typically includes land and/or cash payments.

Question 46

What is a Comprehensive land Claim?

Answer 46

Claims based on “traditional” occupation of certain lands. They could be launched in areas where treaties had never been signed and are sometimes called “Modern Treaties.” This type of claim involves e the Northwest Territories, the Yukon Territory, and the northern parts of some provinces, covering about half of Canada’s total area.

Question 47

How are comprehensive claims settled?

Answer 47

Settled through negotiation – and compensation can include cash, land, protection of language and culture, local self-government, etc. First Nations are required to extinguish their legal title as a condition of settlement.

Question 48

How are Treaty rights connected to land claims? (Specific)

Answer 48

Specific land claims in treaty areas are often based on perceived violations of agreements outlined in historical treaties. These claims address issues like breaches of the Indian Act or treaties, improper administration of First Nations assets, or illegal land transfers by the government. Resolution involves negotiation or legal processes, with compensation typically including land and/or cash payments to address historical injustices.

Question 49

How are inherent rights connected to land claims? (Comprehensive)

Answer 49

Inherent rights are connected to comprehensive land claims through the use of them as payment during negotiations. In these negotiations, compensation for historical injustices may include cash, land, and protection of culture. Settlements often require Indigenous groups to give up legal title to specific lands as part of the agreement, striking a balance between recognizing inherent rights and establishing a framework for coexistence.