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Archaeology > Final Exam Terms & Concepts > Flashcards

Final Exam Terms & Concepts Flashcards

1
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

Branch of anthropology concerned with the origins and development of early humans

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2
Q

Bidepalism

A

Walking on two legs

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3
Q

Australopithecus

A

Group of extinct primates closely related to, if not actually ancestors of, modern human beings and known from a series of fossils found at numerous sites in eastern, north-central, and southern Africa

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4
Q

Homo erectus

A

Extinct species of the human genus (Homo), perhaps an ancestor of modern humans (Homo sapiens) most likely originated in Africa

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5
Q

Homo neanderthalensis

A

Member of a group of archaic humans who emerged at least 200,000 years ago during the Pleistocene Epoch (about 2.6 million to 11,700 years ago) and were replaced or assimilated by early modern human populations (Homo sapiens)

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6
Q

Homo sapiens

A

The species to which all modern human beings belong

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7
Q

Civilization

A

The stage of human social and cultural development and organization that is considered most advanced.

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8
Q

Chiefdom

A

A notional form of sociopolitical organization in which political and economic power is exercised by a single person (or group of persons) over many communities

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9
Q

Domestication vs. Cultivation

A

Domestication: a process in which humans place artificial selective pressure on plants and animals resulting in genetic and morphological changes

Cultivation: The human manipulation or fostering of a plant species (often wild) to enhance or ensure production.

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10
Q

3 S’s of complex societies

A
  1. Increased Size
  2. Increased Surplus
  3. Increased Social Stratification
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11
Q

Hassuna and Halaf/Samarra/Ubaid/Uruk/Early dynastic Mesopotamia

A

Mesopotamian villages; Samarra = irrigation beginnings

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12
Q

Cuneiform

A

System of writing used in the ancient Middle East (Sumer/Mesopotamia)

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13
Q

Temple-based society

A

Temple collects, controls, and redistributes surplus; Temple controls long-distance trade; Introduction of ruling class/state organization

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14
Q

Ziggurat

A

Mesopotamian pyramid with stepped levels

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15
Q

Queen shub-ad/Puabi

A

Buried in royal cemetery of Ur; 59 sacrificed ladies in

waiting, soldiers, oxen grooms

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16
Q

Indus Valley

A

Equitable distribution of wealth, anonymous rulers, surplus invested in public works, little evidence of warfare, evidence of trade present

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17
Q

Great Bath

A

Large public bath in Mohenjo Daro for public bathing rituals (Indus Valley)

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18
Q

Classic vs. Postclassic Maya

A

Classic: Mass production, urban cities, Teotihuacan
Postclassic: Labeled collapse (~900 A.D.), actually just change; Smaller populations, new trade networks and different political system

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19
Q

Pyramids of Giza

A

Pharoah’s place of burial; first one built by Djoser; Giza = largest pyramids, Great pyramid built by Khufu (demonstrate ability of pharoah’s to mobilize labor froces; larger pyramids = more power and authority)

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20
Q

Nile River

A

Annual floods deposit alluvial soil; predictable; very fertile + temps ideal for crops

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21
Q

Oldowan/Acheulean/Mousterian tools

A

Oldowan: Pebble tools ~2mya, percussion flaking (used by australopithecines, maybe H. erectus)

Acheulean: First biface tools, ~1mya, handaxes etc. (used by homo erectus)

Mousterian: Flake tools, neanderthal usage w/ diverse toolkit

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22
Q

Predynastic Egypt/Early Dynastic/Old Kingdom & Narmer

A

Predynastic: Divided into upper and lower Egypt; different ceramics and practices (warfare)

Old Kingdom + Narmer: Narmer unites Egypt and rules as first dynastic divine ruler

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23
Q

King Tut/Howard Carter

A

King Tut’s tomb

24
Q

Liangzhu/Longshan/Xia/Shang/Zhou/Qin/Han

A

Liangzhu: Mound residences w/ elaborate burials

Longshan: Late Neolithic, increased political complexity, wheel thrown ceramics, towns

Xia: Transition between Neolithic and Shang; little known; Scapulimancy; Yu the Great

Shang: 2nd dynasty, dynastic rule, warfare key to rule, complex bronzeworking, scapulimancy w/ writing for politics, military, rituals (highly stratified)

Zhou: Defeat Shang, new capital at Hao, ban human sacrifice & use tax over labor draft; irrigation agriculture + trade flourish

25
Q

Scapulimancy

A

Predicting future events/answering questions through warming turtle or shoulder bones to crack; interpreting the cracks (Chinese, i.e. oracle bones)

26
Q

Great Wall

A

Wall constructed under rule of Qin Shi Huangdi; kept people in and invaders out (700,000 workers required)

27
Q

Terracotta Warriors

A

First emperor Qin Shi Huangdi’s tomb buried with 8,000 plus military members, (600,000 workers, Mount Li)

28
Q

Low density urbanism

A

i.e. Egypt, low density cities

29
Q

Direct vs. indirect empires

A

Direct: Control over land directly
Indirect: Control over land based off threat of invasion

30
Q

Tampu

A

Inca roadside lodging/storage alongside long road network

31
Q

Sedentism

A

Living in permanent, year-round contexts such as villages

32
Q

Neolithic Package

A

Domestication, population increase, storage, sedentism, ceramics, groundstone tools, communal social institutions

33
Q

Agriculture vs. Foraging vs. Horticulture

A

Agriculture: an economic system in which humans depend on domesticates
for their subsistence (high labor demand, sedentism + large pop, less diverse diet)

Foraging: Dependence on wild food sources (more movement)

Horticulture: uses simple tools, simple technologies, and fallowing for plant cultivation (slash + burn, periodic movement, diverse diets)

34
Q

Agricultural lifestyles vs. Foraging lifestyles

A

Agricultural: Little leisure time, unhealthy/shorter, more children + high infant mort

Hunter gatherer: More leisure time, healthier/taller, fewer children + low infant mort

35
Q

Dynastic Mesopotamia

A

Expanded trade; began keeping records i.e. Epic of Gilgamesh (largely related to kings/record keeping)

36
Q

Hypotheses for origin of agriculture

A

Independent invention of domestication due to environmental pressure/need to survive in many places across the world

37
Q

Inca

A

Largest empire in world at its height, spoke quechua, Cuzco = capital (1200-1532)

38
Q

Maya

A

(200-900) Mesoamerican civilization, Tikal + Teotihuacan

39
Q

Laetoli, Tanzania

A

Afarensis footprints

40
Q

Shanidar Cave, Iraq

A

Flower burial neanderthal

41
Q

Lake Mungo

A

Oldest H. Sapien remains in aus

42
Q

Ain Mallaha, Israel

A

Natufian settlements

43
Q

Abu Hereyra, Syria

A

Early domestication in fertile crescent

44
Q

Tehuacan Caves, Mexico

A

Trade

45
Q

Guila Naquitz Cave, Mexico

A

Evidence of early domestication

46
Q

Eridu

A

Earliest city in southern mesopot; divine kingdom

47
Q

Royal cemetery of Ur

A

Queen puabi, evidence of intense stratification

48
Q

Harappa and Mohenjo-Daro

A

Infrastructure for sanitiation in MD, farming and irrigation + plow culture in harappa

49
Q

Hierakonpolis

A

First use of mummification

50
Q

Giza

A

Pyramids of Khufu Khafre and Menkaure

51
Q

Chichen Itza

A

Smaller coastal city of the Maya, 25k pop

52
Q

Anyang

A

Shang capital

53
Q

Xianyang/Mount Li

A

Qin capital/Shi Huangdi burial w/ terracotta army

54
Q

Tikal

A

Mayan pyramids and ruins in Guatamala rainforest

55
Q

Teotihuacan, Mexico

A

Water redirection/pyramid of the sun

56
Q

Cahokia, USA

A

Mounds/forgotten city of Native Americans

57
Q

Angkor Wat, Cambodia

A

Resevoir w/ central temple and residences surrounding

Archaeology (2 decks)

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