Final Exam Terms and Defintions Flashcards
Globalization
The worldwide movement towards economic, financial, trade and community integration, as well as social cultural and political.
Individual Identity
a subjective sense of self based on unique personal characteristics
Accommodation
a process that occurs when people from different cultures come into contact and accept and create space for each other.
Cosmopolitan
a normative viewpoint from which one experiences, understands, and judges the world
Assimilation
a process that occurs when the culture of a minority group is absorbed by another culture. Minority group’s identity disappears as its members takes on the identity of the other culture
Cultural Revitalization
the process of affirming and promoting people’s individual and collective cultural identity
Global Village
all parts of the world as they are being brought together by the internet and other electronic communication interconnections
Collective Identity
the way that people define themselves in relation to others and the outside world
Integration
the consolidating of basic concepts, facts and knowledge in subjects that are related from recognizable parts to form whole during the process of teaching and learning (assimilation of immigrant groups into a new nation)
Homogenization
the erasing of differences (erasing cultural differences so people become more and more similar)
Marginalization
occurs when certain groups of people get denied access to areas of society
CRTC
-Canadian Radio and Television Communication
-an administrative tribunal that regulates and supervises broadcasting and telecommunications in the public interest
Pluralistic Society
a situation in which people of different social classes, religions, races, etc., are together in a society but continue to have their different traditions and interests
CBC/SRC
Canadian Broadcasting Corporation / Societé
Media Convergence
the use of electronic technology to integrate media such as newspapers, books, Tv, and the Internet
Monoculture
the policy or process of supporting, advocating, or allowing the expression of the culture of a single social or ethnic group
Democracy
a society in which the citizens are sovereign and control the government
Acculturation
the cultural changes that occur when two cultures accommodate, or adapt to, each other’s worldviews
Secularism
the separation of religion from political, economic, social and cultural aspects of life, religion being treated as a purely personal matter
Cultural Content
related to the society where individuals are raised in and at how the culture affects behavior
Metropolises
a major city together with its suburbs and nearby cities, towns, and environs over which the major city exercises a commanding economic and social influence
Minority Language
one spoken by less than 50 percent of a population in a given region, state or country
Official Bilingualism
to ensure unobstructed access to either of Canada’s two official languages as actors interface with a broad spectrum of governmental activity
Minority Group
a culturally, ethnically, or racially distinct group that coexists with but is subordinate to a more dominant group
Universalization
the spread of culture, trends, customs, and practices around the world
Transnational
extending or going beyond national boundaries
APTN
Aboriginal Peoples Television Network
Hybridization
the combining of elements of two or more different things to create something new
Media Concentration
the gathering of ownership of newspaper and other media in the hands of a few large corporations
Linguistic Identity
basing one’s own identity on the language they commonly use, especially their native language
Cultural Contacts
contact between peoples with different cultures, usually leading to change in both systems
Depopulation
a reduction in population caused by natural or human-made forces
International Trade
economic transactions that are made between countries
Mercantilism
-a policy followed by European imperial powers from the 16th to the 19th century
-trade was strictly controlled to benefit the economy of the imperial power
Colonialism
control by one power over a dependent area or people
Indian Act
the primary law the federal government uses to administer Indian status, local First Nations governments and the management of reserve land
Displacement
The process, either official or unofficial, of people being involuntarily moved from their homes because of war, government policies, or other societal actions, requiring groups of people to find new places to live
Capitalism
an economic system that advocates free trade, competition, and choice as a means of achieving prosperity
Free Market
one where voluntary exchange and the laws of supply and demand provide the sole basis for the economic system, without government intervention
Entrepreneur
an individual who creates a new business, bearing most of the risks and enjoying most of the rewards
Exploitation
the act of selfishly taking advantage of someone or a group of people in order to profit from them or otherwise benefit oneself
Ethnocentrism
thinking one’s own group’s ways are superior to others
Communism
an economic and political system whose purpose is to eliminate class distinctions. Everyone would work for the benefit of all and would receive help as he or she needs it.
Industrialization
the widespread development of industries in a region, country, culture, etc.
Industrial Revolution
the process of change from an agrarian and handicraft economy to one dominated by industry and machine manufacturing
Cottage Industries
a period of time in which goods for sale were produced on a very small scale, usually in a home
Residential Schools
an extensive school system set up by the Canadian government and administered by churches that had the nominal objective of educating Indigenous children
Reconciliation
the process of two people or groups in a conflict agreeing to make amends or come to a truce
Eurocentrism
a form of enthocentlrism that uses European ethnic, national, religious, and linguistic criteria to judge other people and their culture
Colony
a country or area under the full or partial political control of another country, typically a distant one, and occupied by settlers from that country
Sphere of Influence
the claim by a state to exclusive or predominant control over a foreign area or territory
Protectorate
a state or country that’s protected by a larger, stronger one
Imperalism
one country’s domination over another country’s economic, political, and cultural institutions
White Man’s Burden
a duty formerly asserted by white people to manage the affairs of nonwhite people whom they believed to be less developed
Paternalistic
actions taken or decisions made for another person with the intention of benefiting that person
Land Claims
the pursuit of recognized territorial ownership by a group or individual
Redress
to correct a wrong
Self-Government
government under the control and direction of the inhabitants of a political unit rather than by an outside authority
Canadiens
A Canadien or French Canadian is a Canadian of French descent and language
Silk Road
a network of paths connecting civilizations in the East and West that was well traveled for approximately 1,400 years
World Bank
-an international development organization owned by 187 countries
-reduce poverty by lending money to the governments of its poorer members to improve their economies and to improve the standard of living of their people
European Union
a unique partnership between 27 European countries, known as Member States, or EU countries
Tariff
a tax charged on goods or services as they move from one country to another
CIDA
-Canadian International Development Agency
-administered foreign aid programs in developing countries
Outsourcing
a business strategy that involves reducing costs by using suppliers of products and services in countries where labour is cheaper and government regulation may be less strict
Arable Land
being or capable of being tilled for the production of crops
Deforestation
when humans remove or thin forests for lumber or to use the land where the trees stood for crops, grazing, extraction (mining, oil, or gas), or development as the population increases and people migrate
Multinational
a company that has business operations in at least one country other than its home country
IMF
The International Monetary Fund (IMF) works to achieve sustainable growth and prosperity for all of its 190 member countries. It does so by supporting economic policies that promote financial stability and monetary cooperation, which are essential to increase productivity, job creation, and economic well-being
Free Market Economy
one where supply and demand regulate production and labor as opposed to government intervention
Deregulation
removal or reduction of laws or other demands of governmental control
Urbanization
the concentration of human populations into discrete areas
Nationalize
the process of taking privately-controlled companies, industries, or assets and putting them under the control of the government
G8/G7
refers to the group of eight highly industrialized nations—France, Germany, Italy, the United Kingdom, Japan, the United States, Canada, and Russia—that hold an annual meeting to foster consensus on global issues like economic growth and crisis management, global security, energy, and terrorism
Quotas
a government-imposed trade restriction that limits the number or monetary value of goods that a country can import or export during a particular period
Hayek
-Disagreed with Keynes’s fuse on the economic role of government
-Mistrusted government control, complete or partial
-Believed government should protect the market by ensuring that its rules and laws do not interfere with the competition between businesses
-Competition and market would keep the economy, healthy – government stay out of the way
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement
Economic Interdependence
the mutual dependence of the participants in an economic system who trade in order to obtain the products they cannot produce efficiently for themselves
Stewardship
accepting responsibility fro ensuring that the earth’s resources remain sustainable
Economic Nationalism
an approach where countries tend to be in conflict and develop policies that help them gain at the expense of another country or countries
Bretton Woods Agreement
to help restore and sustain the benefits of global integration, by promoting international economic cooperation
Trade Bloc
groups of countries that establish rules for trade between all participating countries
WTO
-World Trade Organization
-to help its members use trade as a means to raise living standards, create jobs and improve people’s lives
OECD
-Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development
-stimulate economic progress and world trade
Trade Liberalization
a process that involves countries in reducing or removing trade barriers, such as tariffs and quotas, so goods and services can move around the world more freely
Agribusiness
any business related to farming and farming-related commercial activities
Containerization
the transporting of goods in standard-sized shipping containers
Knowledge Economy
businesses and individuals who use research, education, new ideas, and information, technologies for practical purposes
Quality of Life
the degree to which an individual is healthy, comfortable, and able to participate in or enjoy life events
GDP (per capita)
-the sum of gross value added by all resident producers in the economy plus any product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output, divided by mid-year population
-a country’s GDP divided by its total population
Pandemic
a disease epidemic that has spread to a large group of people across a sprawling region, or across multiple nations or continents
Green Revolution
-associated with agricultural production
-the period when agriculture of the country was converted into an industrial system due to the adoption of modern methods and techniques like the use of high yielding variety seeds, tractors, irrigation facilities, pesticides, and fertilizers
Foreign Aid
refers to any type of assistance that one country voluntarily transfers to another, which can take the form of a gift, grant, or loan
Disparity
measurable differences between individuals, groups, races, regions, states, or nations
Protest
-to show or express strong disagreement with or disapproval of something
-the result of actions by individuals, groups, organizations, coalitions, and movements seeking to change or prevent change in institutional policy
Employment Equity
the law that promotes equity in the workplace, ensures that all employees receive equal opportunities and that employees are treated fairly by their employers
Boycott
a collective and organized ostracism applied in labour, economic, political, or social relations to protest practices that are regarded as unfair
Tied Aid
-describes official grants or loans that limit procurement to companies in the donor country or in a small group of countries
-requires that the recipients of Canada’s foreign aid—some of the world’s poorest countries—purchase exclusively Canadian goods and services with the available funding
Citizen Advocacy
a movement to strengthen citizen action
Standard of Living
refers to the level of wealth, comfort, material goods and. necessities available to a certain socioeconomic class in a certain geographic area
Life Expectancy
the number of years a person would be expected to live
Bilateral
coordination with another single country
NGO/UN Organizations
a non-profit, voluntary citizens’ group; is organized on a local, national or international level; can perform a variety of service and humanitarian functions; is usually organized around specific issues such as human rights, environment or health
Dollar Voting
an analogy that refers to the theoretical impact of consumer choice on producers’ actions by means of the flow of consumer payments to producers for their goods and services
Human Development Index
-Created by the United Nations Development Program to measure the quality of life in UN member countries
-Are used to classify countries as being developed, developing, or under developed
-Measures how economic policies affect the quality of life
-Based on three main categories:
-Longevity: life expectancy
-Knowledge: school enrolment and literacy
-Standard of Living: measured in GDP per person
UN Universal Declaration of Human Rights
-a milestone document in the history of human rights
-Drafted by representatives with different legal and cultural backgrounds from all regions of the world, it set out, for the first time, fundamental human rights to be universally protected
Corporate Social Responsibility
the idea that a company should play a positive role in the community and consider the environmental and social impact of business decisions
Multilateralism
coordination among more than 3 countries
