Final Exam Terms

Question 1

“Have you no sense of decency, sir?”

Answer 1

June 9, 1954
Eisenhower
Joseph Nye Welsh said this to Joseph McCarthy
Joseph Nye Welch was head counsel for the United States Army during the Army-McCarthy Hearings
On June 9, 1954, McCarthy accused one of the Junior attorneys of Welch’s firm, Fred Fischer, of associating with the National Lawyer’s Guild (NLG)
J. Edgar Hoover wanted the Attorney General to designate the NLG as a communist front organization
Welch was fed up with McCarthy’s bullshit, and said this quote

Question 2

“How do you ask a man to be the last man to die for a mistake?”

Answer 2

April 1971
Nixon
Said by John Kerry in a Testimony before subcommittees of the U.S. Senate,
Was the first Vietnam veteran to testify before Congress about the war
Was a member of the Vietnam Veterans Against the War (V.V.A.W.)

Question 3

“Three generations of imbeciles are enough.”

Answer 3

Buck v. Bell (1927)
Coolidge
Ruled that a state statute permitting compulsory sterilization of the unfit, including the mentally retarded, “for the protection and health of the state” did not violate the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
Essentially endorsed improving the human race by eliminating “defectives” from the gene pool
Has never officially been overturned by the Supreme Court

Question 4

18th Ammendment

Answer 4

Ratified January 16, 1919
Put in effect January 16, 1920
Wilson
Prohibition
Banned the manufacture, sale, and transportation of intoxicating liquors.
Most ambitious social reform ever attempted in the United States .
Proved to be a colossal failure.
Volstead Act (1919) outlined the rules and regulations of the 18th amendment, had too many loopholes

Question 5

Berlin Airlift

Answer 5

June 1948 to May 1949
Truman
After WWII Berlin was split up, half controlled by the Western Allies (US, Britain, France, etc.) and the other by the Soviet Union.
From June 24 1948 to May 12 1949 Soviet Union set up the Berlin Blockade, cutting off Western Allies’ rail, canal, and road access to West Berlin, so that they could take control of the entire city.
Western Allies responded by delivering cargo to West Berlin by airlift.
By spring 1949 the airlift was clearly succeeding so in May 1949 the embarrassed Soviet Union lifted the blockade.
Resulted in Splitting Germany into Democratic West Germany and Communist East Germany, and split up Berlin in the same way.

Question 6

Triangle Shirtwaist Factory Fire

Answer 6

1911; 146 out of 850 sweatshop workers killed, most were Jewish teen women. Escape routes were limited b/c the owner kept the stairway door locked to prevent theft. Led to reforms in factory working conditions.

Question 7

Bonus Army March

Answer 7

Spring and Summer 1932
FDR
Bonus Army made up of 43,000 people (1700 WWI vets and their families)
Gathered in D.C. and demanded cash payment redemption of their service certificates (certificates given to WWI vets as bonuses that they could not redeem until 1945)
Great depression struck, people wanted their bonuses now.

Question 8

AFL-CIO

Answer 8

American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organizations
Originally separate, but merged in 1955
Eisenhower
Until 2005 represented almost all unionized workers in the US
AFL founded in 1886
Samuel Gompers was its first president
By 1920 it had 2 million members

Question 9

Black Tuesday

Answer 9

October 29, 1929
Hoover
AKA the Stock Market Crash of 1929.
The Stock Market Crashed, causing the Great Depression

Question 10

Bay of Pigs

Answer 10

April 17, 1961
Kennedy
Unsuccessful military invasion of Cuba
A counter-revolutionary military that was trained and funded by the CIA was launched from Guatemala and attempted to overthrow Castro and his regime.
Cuban armed forces under Castro defeated it in 3 days.
Led to the Cuban Missile Crisis

Question 11

Wagner Act

Answer 11

1935
FDR
Guarantees basic rights of private sector employees to organize into trade unions, engage in collective bargaining, and take collective action including strike if necessary.

Question 12

Watergate

Answer 12

1972
Nixon had members of the CIA break into the DNC headquarters to steal any information that could help him win; Forced Nixon to resign due to the threat of impeachment.

Question 13

Bretton Woods

Answer 13

July 1-22, 1944
FDR
730 delegates from all 44 Allied Nations met in a hotel in Bretton Woods, NH during WWII in order to rebuild the international economic system and established the International Monetary Fund (IMF)

Question 14

Domino Theory

Answer 14

Existed from 1950’s to 1980’s
Used primarily by Eisenhower and Kennedy
Was the idea that if one country in a region fell to communism, that the surrounding countries in the region would also fall.
Was used as justification for involvement in South Korea and Vietnam

Question 15

Military Industrial Complex

Answer 15

1961
Eisenhower
Coined by Eisenhower in his farewell speech; concept used to refer to policy and monetary relationships between legislators, national armed forces, and the military industrial base that supports them.

Question 16

Fall of the Berlin Wall

Answer 16

November 9 1989
Reagan
Prior to the fall, Reagan made his famous speech, telling the General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, “Mr. Gorbachev, tear down this wall”
Finally the Gates were open, and West Berliners stood atop of the wall celebrating.
Over the next few weeks people would come to the wall with sledge hammers, breaking it down piece by piece.

Question 17

Huey Long

Answer 17

Assassinated in 1935
FDR
Unscrupulous reformer, opposed the New Deal, proposed “Share our Wealth”

Question 18

Iran-Contra Affair

Answer 18

1985-1987
Reagan
Scandal of 2nd Reagan Administration involving the sale of arms to Iran in partial exchange for hostages in Lebanon and use of proceeds to fund the Contras in Nicaragua

Question 19

Camp David Accords

Answer 19

September 17, 1978
Carter
Israeli Prime Minister and Egyptian President had 13 days of secret negotiations at Camp David.
These led to the signing of the Egypt-Israel Peace Treaty in 1979.

Question 20

G.I. Bill

Answer 20

1944
FDR
New government agency (Veterans Administration)
Provided unemployment, helped with the job search, generous subsidies for work training and secondary education (paid tuition)

Question 21

Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka

Answer 21

Brought to court in 1952
Eisenhower
Decision made May 17, 1954
Unanimous court declared that “in the field of public education the doctrine of ‘separate but equal’ has no place
Met with stiff opposition in the Deep south and Virginia
Eisenhower weary of decision, was secretly against it, believed that you couldn’t force it.

Question 22

CORE

Answer 22

Congress of Racial Equality
FDR
Founded in 1942 in Chicago.
Played a pivotal role for African Americans in the Civil Rights Movement.
The Freedom Rides were carried out by members of CORE
Helped desegregate Chicago public schools.

Question 23

Hiroshima

Answer 23

August 6, 1945
Truman
Enola Gay drops first atomic bomb (Little Boy) after the Potsdam Declaration

Question 24

Roe v Wade

Answer 24

1973
Nixon
Ruled that a right to privacy under the due process clause of the 14th amendment extended to women’s right of abortion.

Question 25

Cuban Missile Crisis

Answer 25

October 15-28 1962 (13 days)
Kennedy
In response to the Bay of Pigs, Castro sought to make Cuba even more socialist and became allies with the Soviet Union.
Soviet Union planned to set up nuclear missile launch sites in Cuba (very close to US)
Kennedy responded with a military blockade surrounding Cuba
Kennedy held secret negotiations with Russian leader (Premier) Nikita Khrushchev while the conflict continued.
Negotiations resulted in withdrawal of Soviet nuclear missiles from Cuba, and the withdrawal of American nuclear missiles from Turkey and Italy
We agreed with Soviet Union that we would never invade Cuba without direct provocation.
A nuclear hotline between the United States and Soviet Union was created (red phone)

Question 26

HUAC

Answer 26

House Committee on Un-American Activities
1938
FDR
Formed to investigate subversives in the government (espionage and Communist party membership)

Question 27

Pure Food & Drug Act

Answer 27

1906
Teddy Roosevelt
Key Progressive era legislation which requied special drugs (cannabis, cocaine, heroin, alcohol, and morphine) to be labeled with contents and dosage. Paved way for the formation of the FDA.

Question 28

Four Freedoms

Answer 28

January 6, 1941
FDR
Proposed by FDR during his State of the Union address as the 4 freedoms that everyone on earth should enjoy:
Freedom of speech
Freedom of worship
Freedom from want
Freedom from fear
Delivered this speech 8 months before declaring war on Japan
Speech was mainly about national security, and broke from the U.S.’s isolationist policies.

Question 29

Kitchen Debate

Answer 29

1959
Eisenhower
Series of impromptu exchanges between VP Nixon and Nikita Kruschev in Moscow
Televised.

Question 30

Northern Securities Co. v. U.S.

Answer 30

1904
Teddy Roosevelt
Vote: (5-4) against stockholders.
Led by Teddy Roosevelt pursued antitrust litigation against the stockholders of the Great Northern & Northern Pacific Railroad companies, who had essentially formed a monopoly, forcing the dissolve of the Northern Securities Company.

Question 31

Port Huron Statement

Answer 31

1962
Kennedy
The manifesto of the American student activist group/movement “Students for a Democratic Society” (SDS) Spoke against
1. Racial bigotry in the south
2. Cold War (constant fear of life and death)
-sought to achieve global disarmament.
-supported negro candidates and black voting registration

Question 32

Lochner v. NY

Answer 32

1904
Teddy Roosevelt
Voided a proposed 10 hour workday law because it interfered with Freedom of Contract under the 14th Amendment.

Question 33

Montgomery Bus Boycott

Answer 33

1955
Eisenhower
Sparked by Rosa Park’s arrest, a successful year long boycott protesting segregation on city buses led by MLK.

Question 34

March on Washington

Answer 34

1941
FDR
Led by A. Phillip Randolph to pressure FDR and the government to establish protections against discrimination

Question 35

Munich Conference

Answer 35

1938
FDR
In a way to appease Hitler, British and French hand Sudetenland to Hitler w/o consulting Czechoslovakia.

Question 36

Tennessee Valley Authority

Answer 36

1933
FDR
One of the most innovative New Deal programs; Designed to bring electrical power, flood control, and jobs to Alabama, Georgia, Illinois, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, and Tennessee

Question 37

Levittown

Answer 37

1947
Truman
First low cost mass produced development of suburban tract housing built by William Levitt on long island.

Question 38

March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom

Answer 38

1963
JFK
Civil rights demonstration where MLK gave his “I have a Dream” speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial

Question 39

Tet Offensive

Answer 39

1968
Nixon
Surprise attack by the Viet Cong and North Vietnamese during the Vietnamese New Year of 1968; turned American public opinion strongly against the war

Question 40

Truman Doctrine

Answer 40

1947
Truman
Stated that the U.S. would support Greece and Turkey with economic and military aid to prevent them from falling into the Soviet sphere. Seen as start of the Cold War and Containment policy.
Based on Marshall Plan

Question 41

War on Poverty

Answer 41

1964
Johnson
Legislation proposed by LBJ in his State of the Union address
He believed in expanding the governments role in education and health care as poverty reduction strategies.

Question 42

WPA

Answer 42

Works Progress Administration
1935
FDR
Largest and most ambitious New Deal agency; employing millions of unemployed people to carry out public works projects, including the construction of public buildings and roads
Provided about 8 million jobs between 1935 and 1943.

Question 43

Yalta Conference

Answer 43

1945
FDR
Meeting between FDR, Winston Churchill, and Stalin to discuss the postwar world
Stalin claimed large areas in Eastern Europe for Soviet domination.

Question 44

Iron Curtain

Answer 44

1946
Truman
Term coined by Winston Churchill to describe the Cold War divide between Western Europe and the Soviet Union’s Eastern European satellites

Question 45

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution

Answer 45

1964
LBJ
Response to the Gulf of Tonkin incident where the Vietnamese attacked the U.S.S. Maddox; Johnson issues use of “conventional” military force without formal declaration of war.

Question 46

National Consumers’ League

Answer 46

1899 
McKinley
Chartered by Jane Addams 
First secretary was Florence Kelley
Early focus was to oppose harsh, unregulated working conditions that many were subjected to.

Question 47

Hull House

Answer 47

1889
Benjamin Harrison
Settlement house founded by Jane Addams and Ellen Starr; A “community of University women” whose main purpose was to provide social and educational opportunities for the neighborhood.

Question 48

Muller v. Oregon

Answer 48

1908
Taft
Court upholds 10 hour workday for women because of sociobiological data

Question 49

Freedom Summer

Answer 49

1964
LBJ
Bob Moses leads a cause to recruit volunteers to live with rural blacks, teach them in freedom schools, and register them to vote. Meant to fight the curtailment of black’s right to vote.

Question 50

Sherman Anti-Trust Act

Answer 50

1890
Benjamin Harrison, Revised by Wilson
The Progressive Era sought to outlaw monopolies
Protected the consumers by preventing arrangements designed to advance the cost of goods to the consumer.

Question 51

Stagflation

Answer 51

1970’s
Started with Nixon’s imposition of wage and price controls on August 15, 1971
A situation where the inflation rate is high, the economic growth rate slows down, and unemployment remains steadily high.

Question 52

Restrcitive Covenants

Answer 52

1920’s-1948 (after great migration of blacks to the north)
Harding - Truman
Racially restrictive covenants prohibited the sales or leases to their premises (usually to blacks)

Question 53

19th Ammendment

Answer 53

1920
Prohibits any United States citizen from being prohibited the right to vote based on sex.
(granted women’s suffrage).

Question 54

Principles of Scientific Management

Answer 54

1911 (Frederick WInslow Taylor “Taylorism’)
Taft
A monograph that analyzed and synthesized workflows. Its main objective was improving economic efficiency, especially labor productivity. Applied scientific theory to the managerial system for the first time.

Question 55

NSC-68

Answer 55

1950. (National Security Council Report 68)
      Truman
      Report that stressed military action over diplomatic action concerning US foreign affairs during the cold war.
      Called for significant Peacetime military spending to:
      -Defend western Hemisphere
      -Increase military base counts
      -Destroy Soviet war making capacity
      -Defend lines of communication between allies

Question 56

Pullman Strike & Boycott

Answer 56

1894(Summer)
Strike against the Pullman Palace Car company in the company town Pullman, Illinois by the American Railway Union under Eugene Debs
The strike was crushed by court injunctions and federal troops 2 months later.
(Based off of wage reductions)

Question 57

Marshall Plan

Answer 57

1947
Truman
US program for the reconstruction of post-Second World War Europe thru massive aid to former enemy nations as well as allies to help contain communism.
Led to Truman Doctrine

Question 58

Voting Rights Act

Answer 58

1965
LBJ
Outlawed discriminatory voting practices that had been responsible for the widespread disenfranchisement of blacks in the U.S.

Question 59

Southern Strategy

Answer 59

1960’s and 70’s
Nixon
Republican Party’s strategy of gaining political support or winning elections in the South by appealing to racism against African Americans

Question 60

New Deal

Answer 60

1932
FDR
FDR’s campaign promise at the Democratic National Convention
Became a catchphrase for his ambitious economic programs.

Question 61

Hostage Crisis

Answer 61

November 1979 - January 1981
Carter-Reagan
Diplomatic crisis between Iran and U.S.
Islamist students and militants who supported the Revolution took over the American Embassy in Tehran, Iran
Held 52 Americans Hostage for 444 days
May have cost Carter the election vs Reagan
Reagan negotiated their release minutes after Reagan was sworn into office.

Question 62

Fourteen Points

Answer 62

January 8, 1918
Wilson
In a speech Wilson laid out policies (free trade, democracy, self determination, etc.) that explicitly stated the aims of the U.S. In World War I
Was propaganda to influence Germany to surrender
Proposed the League of Nations, which the U.S. didn’t join post-war