Final Exam Terms Flashcards
Ad Hominem (Argument to the person)
Distracting its audience from the evidence that has been presented by focusing instead on the individual presenting the argument
Appeal to Questionable Authority
One accepts a proposition because it has been endorsed by an agency (even if that agency lacks authority)
Glittering Generalities
Vague references to commonly held values, usually appeal to the reader emotionally
Appeal to Pity
Asks the audience accept a particular conclusion because he/she has suffered hardship
Appeal to People
Citing the authority of the majority, an appeal to false authority
Appeal to Force
Asks that one accept a proposition because because the failure to do so may result in consequence
Begging the question
Circular reasoning, conclusion is used to prove the premise and them the premise is used to prove the conclusion
Explaining by Naming
One has provided the reasons for the phenomenon because one has identified it
False Dilemma
Suggests one must choose between two propositions
Searching for the Perfect Solution
Unless a proposed course of action will lead to a complete resolution of a problem,, one shouldn’t do anything
Slippery Slope
Suggests that the acceptance of one propositions will lead inevitably. The arguer claims that a sort of chain reaction
Red Herring
A statement that distracts one from the real argument. Irrelevant material gets introduced to distract
Straw Person Argument
Arguer attempts to diminish the authority of opposing viewpoints by attacking exaggerated or caricatured versions of an opponent’s position
Hasty Generalization
Moves from a non-representative example to a conclusion
Novice Writers
Gathers information that is only somewhat connected to the general topic
Novice vs. Experienced Writers
Main difference is in the supporting evidence
Experienced Writers
Work purposefully, using arguable proposition to identify the specific information they need, uses useful sources
4 things to know about your Audience
1- Understanding of the target
2- Identify your audience
3- Language use (avoid slang)
4- Background information
2 Purposes of writing
1- Tone (argumentative essay or are you writing for your own enjoyment)
2- Why are you writing it
4 facts about a thesis
1- Usually identifies the position you will take in an essay
2- Provides the significance of the argument (why the reader should care)
3- Expresses the principle theme
4- Specific and clear
2 reasons for a Topic Sentence
1- The topic sentence clearly articulates the controlling idea and explains the way in which the supporting ides and related to it
2- Provides a “road map” for the writer to follow
The 3 Subjective sources of Evidence for writing
1- Intuition
2- Personal experience
3- Testimonials
The 3 Systematic Forms of Evidence for writing
1- Appeal to authority
2- Observational studies
3- Case studies
2 ways Statistics proves information
1- Averages
2- Surveys
Metacognition
Thinking about thinking. Used to assess how well one is learning and how they’re strategies are working
Short Term Memory
Stores information from sensory memory. Can be lost in short periods of time
3 Stages of Memory
1- Encoding
2- Storage
3- Retrieval
Encoding
Sensory info –> Short term memory –> long term memory
Retrieval
Recovering stored information from memory. Retrieval cues
3 ways to input information into long term
1- Rote learning -> the repetition of information
2- Elaborate rehearsal -> the connection of new material with old knowledge
3- Recoding -> the rearranging, changing, grouping of information
4 Learning Strategies
1- Cornell Note taking
2- Parallel Note taking
3- SQ3R
4- Colour coding
The 3 Sections of Cornell Notes
1st- Note taking column
2nd- Cue column
3rd- Summary space
3 steps to Parallel Notes
1- To print off slides or lecture notes before hand
2- Add in meaningful and additional information
3 -Summarize and review
Colour Coding- 2 colour methods
1st colour- Identifies important themes
2nd colour- Identifies important sup themes
SQ3R
S- Survey Q- Question R- Read R- Recite R- Review
The 6 stages of Blooms Taxonomy
1- Remember - Recall facts and basic concepts
2- Understand - Explain ideas and concepts
3- Apply - Use info in new situations
4- Analyze - Draw connections among ideas
5- Evaluate - Justify a decision
6- Create - Produce new or original work
2 common flaws in Fallacious Arguments
1- Premises or reasons are irrelevant to the conclusion
2- The structure of the arguments do not provide for a logical relationship between premises and conclusion
Annotated Bibliography
Citations with a brief descriptive and evaluative paragraph that will provide the reader with the relevancy, accuracy, and quality of the cited source
3 Types of Evidence
1- Anecdotal
2- Sweeping generalizations
3- Overstating the conclusion
Anecdotal Evidence
Informal or casual evidence that is collected through personal testimony
Sweeping Generalizations
General rule applied to a specific instance
Deductive Reasoning
One argues from a standpoint that a categorical statement (statement that applies to all members in a category Ex. Students find math hard) through the assignment of an individual or thing to the category (You are a student), to the conclusion (You find math hard)
Inductive Reasoning
Is a mode of argument in which the likelihood of a correct conclusion increases with the amount and kind of relevant evidence Ex. your cousin, sister, and friend find math confusing. You may find math confusing
Authoritative Sources
Reliable source because of its authority or authenticity is widely recognized
Counter Argument
A possible argument against a thesis or a point being made
Argument from a belief
The arguer may offer evidence but that evidence is usually based upon beliefs that the audience may not share
Rival Causes
A plausible alternative explanation that can explain why a certain outcome occurred
Ambgiuity
An unclear phrase with multiple definitions is used within the argument; therefore, does not support the conclusion
Cultural Assumptions
Unassessed beliefs adopted by virtue of upbringing in a society. Raised in a society, we unconsciously take on its point of view, values, beliefs, and practices
Fallacies
An error in reasoning. An argument that doesn’t conform to rules of good reasoning
Scientific Studies
Studies undertaken systematically to employ scientific methods. Rely on publicly verifiable data and cannot be accepted without questioning
