Final Exam Terms Flashcards
1
Q
Proto-Indo European
A
- The common ancestor of Indo-European languages - spoken between 4,500 BCE to 2,500 BCE -language spread throughout the european region because of trade -not much written evidence
2
Q
Latin Language
A
-member of the Italic branch of Indo-European languages -language first originated from the Latium region, where Roman civilization first developed -Romance languages were incredibly influenced by latin -latin was spoken in ancient Rome but wasn’t spoken in later times, yet many bibles and books were written in Latin
3
Q
English Language
A
-The english language has been developing for thousands of years and is heavily influenced by German, French, and Latin -60% of the language is latin, 90% of computer and medical terms are greek -lingua franca of the early Medieval age -first it was a germanic language, then in 1066 (Norman Invasion), it became influenced by French -the alphabet is directly derived from Latin
4
Q
Romulus
A
-Twin brother of Remus and son of Mars and Rhea Silvia and apparently the descendant of Aeneas and Latinus, founders of Latium -was left with his twin brother at the hills of Tiber where they were found by Faustulus where a she-wolf was taking care of them -overthrew Amulius and placed Numitor back on the throne and returned to Tiber to establish their own city -first was ruler of Palentine (one of the seven hills of rome) but he killed his brother because he leaped over the walls and became the sole ruler of rome -gave rome a common body of laws and religion -adamant about rome being a place for a multitude of people -essentially was the first to make rome a great city to match her neighbors
5
Q
The Etruscans
A
- their origins are not completely known, most of its culture and history was obliterated or assimilated into Roman culture
- origins located in central Italy between 8th and 3rd century bce (Po River valley and Eturia)
- majory trade power in the mediterranean, but as the Roman civilization grew more powerful, the Etruscans began to weaken because they were being constantly defeated by the Romans
- in 600 BCE they came into Rome and invaded and adopted Roman monarchy– they rule Rome, but they are foreign invaders
- after that, all Roman rulers were estruscan until the establishment of the Republic
- were responsible for the most impressive architecture that Rome had– they constructed the sewer system and Capitolinus Iuppiter temple
- Etruscans were infamous for having independent and prominent women– they drank and dined with their husbands in public!
6
Q
Rhea Silvia
A
- daughter of Numitor, the king of Alba Longa
- made a Vestal virign by Amulius (who expelled Numitor from the throne)
- gave birth to romulus and remus and claimed that she was raped by Mars (livy says that this is either because she wanted the crime to seem less heinous or because she really did believe it)
- thrown into prison after having given birth to her children
- her rape by Mars was a popular subject in Roman art
7
Q
Livy
A
- 64 BCE-12 AD
- Roman historian who wrote Ab Urbe Conidta
- came from one of the wealthiest cities in rome
- was a close acquaintance of Augustus and was perhaps inlfuenced by him in his histroical writings to emphasis some points more than others
8
Q
Ab Urbe Condita
A
- written by Livy between 27 to 9 BCE
- “A History of the City (Rome)”
- covers the history of rome from Aeneas to Augustus’ rule– 142 books and 744 years of history.
- he was influenced by Augusuts to emphasis Roman triumph and heroism to mark the splendor of Augustus’ own reign (Augustus claimed to be a descendant of Romulus and Aeneas)
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9
Q
The Sabine Women
A
- once rome had become an established city, romulus knew he needed to secure the growing population of his city. to do this, he negotiated with the neighboring sabines unsuccessfully
- Romulur then planned a marvelous festival in rome to attract many women and he encouraged his men to abduct the women while the festival was going on
- he called this festival “the Consualia” and as it took place, he gave his men a signal to go and abduct the women and forced them to be Roman wives
- this lead to outrages in the neighboring cities and rome went to war with the sabines an other tribes– the Antemnates, Crustumini, and Caeninenses all fought agaisnt rome
- at this point, the sabine women intervened. Livy says they ran into the filed with ravaged hair and dishevelled garments and promised they would be wives to the Romans if only the fighting would stope
- naturally, the women are blamed for everything
10
Q
Ovid
A
- a prolific Roman poet, born 43 BCE and died 18 AD
- Author of Metamorphese, Amores, Ars Amatoria, and Fasti
- Exiled by Augustus in 8 CE for unknown reasons (“a poem and a mistake” – he’s quite paradoxical in his poems and a lot of it is very lustful)
- most of his work is incredibly influenced by Virgil and Livy
- his work, like livy, is also influenced by Augustus
- much of his work was considered humurous
11
Q
Amores
A
- a series of poems accounting Ovid’s love affairs with women in Rome
- written around 16 BCE
- a lot of the love affairs dominated by masculinity and the male gaze, as roman ideals believed rape to be okay because it was a symbol of power and masculinity
- often subversive and humorous with contemporary figures and exaggerates common motifs and devices to the point of absurdity.
12
Q
Ars Amatoria
A
- a didactic poem about the art of love written by Ovid
- It teaches basic gentlemanly male and female relationship skills and techniques.
- It was very controversial because Augustus was advocating for the end of adultery by making it a state crime. However, the narrator in this poem advocates for adultery.
13
Q
Fasti
A
- a didactic poem about religious festivals in Rome, written by Ovid
- (fasti is Latin for calendar)
- published in 8 AD, it details eye-witness of account of Roman dieties to explain the origins of Roman holidays
- each book covers one month of the Roman calendar
14
Q
Res Gestae
A
- Last piece of propaganda that helped to create Augustus’ legacy as Rome’s first emperor
- Augusutus left this text with his will and it was published throughout Rome
- it is first person record of Augustus’ life and accomplishements
15
Q
Gaius Julius Caesar
A
- 100 BCE-44 BCE
- he was the adopted father of Octavius/Augustus
- gains power over rome in 60 BCE with the first Triumvirate of Crassus and Pompey that dominated Roman politics for years
- Caesar became the first Roman general to cross both the Channel and the Rhine, when he built a bridge across the Rhine and crossed the Channel to invade Britain.
- when the Gallic war were ended, the Senate demaned Ceasar to come back to Rome, but he denied and corssed the Rubicon in 49 BCE instigating a civil war with Pompey
- after Caesar won this war, he provided celmency for those who sided with Pompey
- he also became invovled with the civil war in Egypt and sided with Cleopatra and had an affair with her
- He centralised the bureaucracy of the Republic and was eventually proclaimed “dictator in perpetuity”, giving him additional authority.
- his immense power caused his assination in 44 BCE by those he originally spared from the civil war
–The republic was no longer suitable to run a large area, so rome began relying on big generals to control and they expected big rewards
16
Q
First Triumvirate
A
- an informal political alliance between the three most powerful men in Rome in 59 BCE; comprised of Pompeius, Caesar, Crassus
- Caesar was a popular politician, Pompet was considered the greatest military commander of the time, and Crassus was the richest man in Rome
- the Triumvirate dispersed when Crassus was killed in the battle of Carrhea and Caesar then decalred civil war agaisnt Pompey
- this alliance was more about personal gain rather than what was good for the Romans
17
Q
Marcus Antonius
A
- 83 BCE-30 BCE
- a roman politician who played a critical role in the transformation of the roman republic from an oligarchy to an autocracy
- a loyal supporter of Julius Caesar ans served as one of his general on the conquest of Gaul
- after Caesars assination, he was part of the Second Triumvirate of Augustus and Lepidus
- after Caesars death, Antony thought he would gain all power, but it was left to Augustus which causes tension between the two
- Antony married Augustus’ sister to settle tension, but he left for Egypt in about 40 BCE and had an affair with Cleopatra– he even bore children with her
- he held a triumph in Egpyt which made for a good opprotunity for Augustan propaganda
- there was ongoing hostility between Augustus and Antony whihc resulted in five civila wars from 43 BCE-31 BCE
- Antony was defeated in the Battle of Actium and commited suicide
18
Q
Octavius/Augustus
A
- 63 BC-14 AD
- is considerd Rome’s first emporer and founder of the roman Principate; he ruled from 27 BC to 14 AD
- Caesar was his great uncle
- his rise to power began in from the Second Triumvirate, an alliance with Antony and Lepidus
- his ongoing feud with Antony resulted in victory at the battle of actium in 31 BC
- his reign was the most prosperous time in Roman history– he emphasized morality and modesty
19
Q
Second Triumvirate
A
- a legal and official three-man alliance/dictatorship between Octavius, Antony, and Lepidus
- formed in 43 BCE
- it marked the end of the Roman Republic
- the Second Triumvirate was an official, legally established institution, whose overwhelming power in the Roman state was given full legal sanction and whose imperium maius outranked that of all other magistrates, including the consuls.
- existed from 43 BCE-33 BCE
- Lepidus was sent into exile, Augustus accused him of usurping power and instigating a rebellion
- Antony was defeated in the battle of actium and commited suicide
- Augustus was left with full power
20
Q
Octavia
A
- 69 BCE-11 BCE
- Sister of Octavius
- fourth wife of Antony and bore him two daughters to secure the alliance between antony and augustus
- Octavia was respected and admired by contemporaries for her loyalty, nobility and humanity, and for maintaining traditional Roman feminine virtues
21
Q
Battle of Actium
A
- 31 BCE on the Ionian Sea
- Augusuts saw Cleopatra and her (and Caesar’s) son as a major threat to his political power
- it was the final civil war between Antony and Augustus
- It was augustus’ roman legions lead by Agrippa against Antony’s fleet backed by Cleopatra
- Octavian’s victory enabled him to consolidate his power over Rome and its dominions
22
Q
Augustan Propoganda
A
- augustus’ power heavily relied upon propaganda; early examples include how Augustus used the affair between Cleopatra and Antony as a way to accuse Antony for adanoning rome
- he held a special position in the roman senate because he was the sole heir to Caesar; he was consul for 4 years in rome and held exclusive control over several provinces
- he always associated himself with peace and prosperity in order to gain favor from the public
- he adopted the name Princep, meaning first citizen, a title meant for the the oldest member of the Senate
- he wanted to avoid being called a dictator, so he associated consistently himself with divinities– that were closely linked to the founding myths of Rome– to make it seem like he had the right to rule: Mars, Venus, Aeneas, Romulus, Apollo, and Julius Caesar (Aeneas is a symbol of loyalty to the gods, city, and family)
- he erected a multitude of temples to demonstarte his relationship with the gods; temple of Venus Genetrix, of Apollo, of Mars Ultor
- he printed coins that promulgated his victory over Egypt
- Prima Porta Augustus: he erected many statues of himself as a young general with cupid at his feet to suggest he was a strong, fair, and chosen leader
- much of his propoganda emphasized that he was the natural leader for rome and that peace and porstperity were his sole aim – he introduced moral legislation and emphasised that this was a new age in rome
23
Q
Pax Romana
A
- peace and prosperity in the new age of rome
- it was a period of relative peace and prosperity throughout Rome for 200 years, which started with Augustus’ reign
- The aim of Augustus and his successors was to guarantee law, order, and security within the empire, even if this meant separating it from the rest of the world and defending, or even expanding, its borders through military intervention and conquest.
- this all started with Augustus, who introduced moral legislations and art that emphasized peace, harmony, duty, decency and wealth
24
Q
Divi Filius
A
- Augustus claimed to be a descedent of many divinities, which he thought granted him the right to be emporer
- his father (Caesar) was considered to be a god and therefore Augustus was the son of a god
- he printed the phrase “Divi Filius” on Roman voins to promulgate his ties with the goddess of victory and julius caesar– this wold circulate throughout the roman empire and people would have seen that Augustus was apparently the son of a god which further advanced him to his power
25
Q
Augustus’ Moral Legislation
A
- Lex Iulia (18 B.C.E.): attempted to elevate both the morals and the numbers of the upper classes in Rome and to increase the population by encouraging marriage and having children.
- They also established adultery as a private and public crime. (Augustus had to exile his daughter and granddaughter under this law)
- Also penalised bribery when acquiring political offices.
- Lex Papia Poppaea (9 C.E.): complemented the Lex Iluia and encouraged and strengthened marriage. It also included provisions against adultery and celibacy.
26
Q
Horace
A
- 65 - 8 BCE
- the leading Roman lyric poet during the time of Augustus
- He wrote the Satires which involved Roman country and city life, giving us an insight into how the Romans lived, but it is important to remeber that it is from an upper class persepctive
- he considered city life to be impure and country life to be pure. he emphasized the splendor and glutiny of city folk
27
Q
Tibullus
A
- 55- 19BCE
- His poem The Country Festival (The Ambarvalia) is a representation of rural religion
- he emphasized the working and purity of rural life
- again, remember it is from an upper class persepctive
28
Q
Juvenal
A
- also wrote a Satire about roman urban life and how it is dishonest, dangerous, hard on the poor, crowded, and violent
- he also discusses how the greeks have ruined Rome with their extravagance
- again, remember it is from an upper class persepctive
- wrote about marraige as well, saying it is a dangerous, harmful institution because women themselves are dangerous and harmful.
29
Q
insula
A
- apartment buildings in Rome
- a majority of the Romans lived in these– there were 15,000 of them
- ordinary people of lower- or middle-class status (the plebs) and all but the wealthiest from the upper-middle class (the equites) lived in these apartments
- had running water and sanitation but only on the lower floors
- Living quarters were typically smallest in the building’s uppermost floors, with the largest and most expensive apartments being located on the bottom floors.
- A single insula could accommodate over 40 people in only 3,600 sq ft (330 m2); however, the entire structure usually had about 6 to 7 apartments, each had about 1000 sq ft
- there was a fire in 64 CE (large portion of populations died), which changed the regulations for insula– concrete instead of wood, no more than 6 stories tall, balconies for people to escape, and drainage system to allow firemen to be close to the water, and stairs were made from concrete
30
Q
domus
A
- an urban mansion, there were only 1,800 of them in Rome
- occupied by the upper classes
- consisted of a main entrance, the atrium, a drain pool, smaller entrances and hallways, an office, a dining room, alae (a place to display death masks), bedrooms, and servant entrances
- had painted walls
- the home for Romans was a symbol of safe haven and prosperity– the home was the epitome of publicizing roman procession
-Penetralia= deepest part of a house (women’s quarters)
31
Q
paterfamilias
A
- this was the male that was head of the household and was an extension of the power dyanmic typically held in roman politics and central ideals
- had life and death power over everyone in his family and for women, that power was permanent (sons could become pateres themselves and exert that power later)
32
Q
villa
A
- a country mansion
- built for the upper classes
- had a quarter where the chef and slaves worked and lived
- had storage rooms
- this would be like an escape from the city for the upper classes– like how the hamptons are today
- again, it was a way for romans to express their strength and wealth
33
Q
Cicero/Pro Caelio
A
- illustrate the sentiments and the depths of Roman misogyny, particularly its emphasis on the dangers of women’s sexuality
- it was a speech at a trial given by Cicero to defend Caelius Rufus agaisnt charges of political violence
- Cicero turns attention away from Caelius onto Caelius’ former lover, the infamous Clodia, who testified against him. In an attempt to discredit her testimony and lay some of the guilt for the murder at her feet, he censures her and her sex life. Cicero hopes he can foment the misogyny of Roman men in the jury pool to win his case.
34
Q
Clodia Metelli
A
- an infamous figure in Roman times that represented the misogynistic views of women at the time
- she was ridiculed in the trial of Caellius as Cicero blames her for his misdeeds, calling her an old whore who lured Caellius into sinning
- she as an independent women that was well educated and of a high class– she did not fit the strict ideals that romans imposed on their women, and therefore she was scorned for being a whore
35
Q
Cornelia, mother of Gracchi
A
- she is the prototypical example of a virtuous Roman woman
- she is extremely devoted to her family and children and in Propertius, she speaks form beyond the grave and emphasizes what roman men found the most important thing in a womne– giving birth
- She did not fulfill the need to have children by her husband and she even offered to divorce him so he could find another wife that would bear him children. That’s how devoted she was.
- Cornelia is an ideal woman because she was educated, but it was to the benefit of her FAMILY.
36
Q
Juvenal/The Sixth Satire
A
- a widely cherished misogynistic screed
- he tries to convince his audience that marriage is a dangerous, harmful institution because women themselves are dangerous and harmful.
- One of the central points of his argument is that women are sexually crazed monstrosities who will never remain sexually loyal to their husbands because of their debased natures.
37
Q
Laudatio Turiae
A
- a tombstone engraved with an epitaph that is a husabnd’s eulogy to his wife
- it celebrates Clodia Metelli’s pieatas to her family
- “Why should I mention your domestic virtues: your loyalty, obedience, affability, reasonableness, industry in working wool, religion without superstition, sobriety of attire, modesty of appearance? Why dwell on your love for your relatives, your devotion to your family?”
- emphasizes that Clodia’s virtue
38
Q
Vindolanda tablets
A
- a rare look into the personal lives of roman women, as it is the only evidence of real woman hand writing
- it is essentially a birthday party invitation
- letter from Claudia Severa to a personal friend Sulpicia Lepidina
- it reveals how possesed the women were by men, they have to ask permission to go places of their husbands and they sign their names as “wife of… daughter of… etc.”
39
Q
Sulpicia (the elegist)
A
- a female poet who lived in the reign of Augustus
- She works within the conventions of the genre of elegiac love poetry
- niece of the distinguished statesman and patron of Messalla (who was as patron of Ovid!)
- she provides insight into the feminine perspective of roman times
- she voiced her opinions and talked about her sexuality, which was controversial since women were to be silent in public, especially about sexuality
40
Q
Manumission
A
- the act of a slave owner freeing his slaves– this was secured either by the will of the owner or the slave worked to buy their freedom
- The promise of freedom motivated slaves to work hard, behave well, and save their money, although for the average slave the chance of obtaining freedom may not have been great.
- Roman slavery was perhaps unique in that ex-slaves became citizens.
- The manumission of a slave was considered a joyful occasion
- Freeing slaves was considered a generous display of wealth. Masters also might gain economic benefits from manumission, or at least not lose much.
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41
Q
Roman imperialism
A
- because the roman empire was so extraordinarily vast, there was a multitude of people from different ethnic backgrounds.
- as romans would move through cities and conquered them, they would take the people of these cities as slaves, rather than killing them.
