Final Exam Terms

Question 1

Green Revolution

Answer 1

Definition: The movement was a result of disputed election of Ahmadinejad.
Significance: Shows that if you do not have the support of the military, a revolutionary outcome isn’t likely.

Question 2

Alawite

Answer 2

Definition: A religious group that makes up 12% of the Syrian Population.
Significance: Assad is an Alawite himself, this gives the Alawites majority control over the military in Syria. Assad used this control to suppress uprisings in region.

Question 3

Ergenekon

Answer 3

Definition: Refers to the alleged corruption and coup plot of many military leaders that were arrested in 2002 after Erdogan was elected prime minister of Turkey.
Significance: Moving Turkey away from a democracy, consolidating power. Follows Tilly’s theory that a leader needs to neutralize the army tin order to consolidate power.m

Question 4

Yanukovych

Answer 4

Definition: Was the president of Ukraine. He had very close ties to Putin and Russia. Later fled to Russia
Significance: Increases the influence of Russia inside of Ukraine.

Question 5

The Great Man Theory

Answer 5

Definition: The theory that events occur because of an abnormal leader. Empasizes the impact of an individuals superior charisma and intelligence had on influencing history.
Example: Adolf Hitler or Napoleon
Significance: Explains how revolutionary situations can occur because of the actions of one man.

Question 6

WikiLeaks

Answer 6

Definition: A non-profit organization that publishes secret information.
Significance: Exposed wide spread corruption inside of Tunisia and other Arab countries. Leading to the fall of the Ben Ali Regime.

Question 7

Structural Adjustments

Answer 7

Definition: Loans given by the IMF/World Bank to developing countries. Loans are given on the contingency that certain policies are implemented. Have had varied positive and negative effects on countries.
Example: The IMF propping up the recent government inside of Ukraine with bailouts.
Significance: This is a way that nations can be manipulated through being given bailout money. This money is given on the condition that certain economic policies be reformed.

Question 8

Civil Disobedience

Answer 8

Definition:Active, nonviolent resistance and refusal to obey unfavorable laws, demands, or commands from a government or occupying power.
Example: Occupy Movement.
Significance: Provides the best possible conditions for a revolutionary outcome in a democracy while being essentially ineffective in response to authoritarian regimes

Question 9

Mukhabarat

Answer 9

Definition: An Arabic word coined by Thomas Freedman that characterizes police states.
Significance: Police states used fear to manipulate their people. This fear created by the occupying regime is targeted at removing revolutionary movements.

Question 10

Jihad (evolution of)

Answer 10

Definition: Means “struggle” in Arabic. Has become associated with radical islamic groups that target the west. The view the west as a threat to Islam.
Example: The objectives of Al Qeada.
Significance: This was a term that has been manipulated by radical Islamist to justify attacks against the western world.

Question 11

Mossadegh

Answer 11

Definition: Democratically elected prime minister of Iran in 1951. He was overthrown by a coup in 1951 created by the British and CIA.
Significance: The overthrow of Mossadegh led to the white revolution and future struggles.

Question 12

Taksim Square/Gezi Park

Answer 12

Definition: The sight of a mass anti-governnemnt protest against the Erdogan government. Started with the proposed plan to remove the park and square to make room for a shopping mall.
Significance: An example of how harsh government crackdowns are not usually the best way to handle mass demonstrations.

Question 13

IRGC

Answer 13

Definition: Created after the overthrow of the Shaw in 1979. Mandated with protecting the Islamic nature of Iran.
Significance: Played a major role in the control of the green revolution.

Question 14

Free Syrian Army

Answer 14

Definition: The main group fighting against the Assad government. Consists of defected Syrian soldiers. Has nationalistic and democratic objectives.
Significance: A good example of the “moderates” as according to Crane Brinton.

Question 15

Johnsons Formula for Revolution

Answer 15

Multiple Dysfunction + Intransigent Elite + X-factor = Revolution

Question 16

“Hama Rules”

Answer 16

Definition: A crackdown in Syria in 1982 by Assad’s government. Used as a tool to quell the anti-government protests by the Muslim Brotherhood in Hama. Led to estimated 20-30,000 deaths.
Significance: Established the precedent of harsh repression used by the Syrian Government to deal with civil disobedience.

Question 17

Al Qaeda

Answer 17

Definition: Transnational Terrorist organization that originated in Afghanistan.
Significance: Created the modern day definition of Jihad as the Western World Vs the Muslim World. Showed how religion

Question 18

Che Guevara

Answer 18

Definition: A revolutionary that took a significant role in several Latin american revolutions. He was particularly angered by the capitalist exploitation of Latin america from the US.
Significance: Inspired the Geuerilla Foco Movement.

Question 19

Gini Index

Answer 19

Definition: A measure that income distribution within a nation.
Example: Canada has a much lower GINI than the US.
Significance: Countries with high economic dysfunction, tend to have a worse GINI index and are more likely to revolt.

Question 20

Ba’ath Party

Answer 20

Definition: A political party found in Iraq, Syria, and Libya. Had goals of uniting the Arab world into a single state.
Significance: Symbolic of the authoritarian regimes of Hussein and Assad during the Arab spring.

Question 21

Sayyid Qutb

Answer 21

Definition: Leader of the Egyptian Muslim brotherhood. in the 50’s and 60’s.
Significance: Viewed by the west as the originator of the armed Jihad. Inspiring groups like Al-Qaeda

Question 22

Relative Deprivation

Answer 22

The difference between what people have and what they think they should have.

Question 23

White Revolution

Answer 23

Definition: A set of large reforms set on by the last shah of Iran. Its goal was to westernize the government structure of Iran.
Significance: Interpreted as an attack on Iranian traditional Ideals by a majority of the Population. Increased the vulnerability of the Shah’s government and allowed for the Iranian revolution of 1979.

Question 24

The Muslim Brotherhood

Answer 24

Definition: A group created by al-Banna in 1928 in Egypt. Used the Qurran as a centerpiece fr the Muslim individual, family, community and state.
Significance: One of the first Muslim fundamentalist movements.

Question 25

Crimea

Answer 25

Definition: A peninsula that is physically attached to the southern portion of Ukraine. Taken by Russia after the topple of the pro-Russian president.
Significance: Based on its high concentration of Russian people, the Crimean Peninsula is a hot bed for controversy between the western inspired Ukrainian government and Russia.

Question 26

Direct Action

Answer 26

Definition: Rather than trying to reform the current governmental institutions, you matters into your own hands. You don’t recognize the legitimacy of the current government. Act as if authority doesn’t exist.
Example: Gezi Park. Tunisia
Significance: A major technique used by nonviolent uprisings. Non-violent uprisings have had a much greater success rate than violent ones.

Question 27

Tymoshenko

Answer 27

Definition: She was a co-leader of the orange revolution. Prime minister of Ukraine. She was later jailed by Yanukovych after he was re-elected.
Significance: She is a figure head representing the west (EU) in the battle between eat and west in Ukraine.

Question 28

Savak

Answer 28

Definition: The shahs secret police created with help from the CIA.
Significance: Attributed to mass frustration contributing and leading up the 1979 Iranian revolution.

Question 29

“leaderless movement”

Answer 29

Definition: A movement that does not have a leader. The uprising is colelctivly ampflied by individuals
Example: Occupy Movement & Gezi Park
Significance: Difficult for the government to peacefully repress leaders of movement. Also difficult for the movement to initially get momentum. AS every individual acts as a representative of the movement, a movement can go awry when individuals have conflicting ideals.

Question 30

Beji Caid Essebsi

Answer 30

Definition: Successor to Ben Ali in Tunisia. Resulting winner of Tunisia’s first free and fair election.
Example:
Significance: An example of the moderates coming to power. This is a part of Crane Brintons “stages of revolution.”

Question 31

Mir Hossein Mousavi

Answer 31

Definition: Leader of the Iranian political party associated with green revolution.
Significance: His loss during the presidential election created the x-factor that sparked the green revolution.

Question 32

Defronzo’s 5 factors of revolution

Answer 32

1) Mass frustration (economic depression, invasion, lower standards of living)
2) Dissident Elite (division between elites)
3) Unifying Motivation across class lines
4) Severe Political Crisis
5) Permissive World Context.

Question 33

Guerilla Foco

Answer 33

Definition: Also known as “focalism”, it was formulated by Regis Debray based on inspiration from the ideals of Che Gueivera. Stated that small paramilitary groups in unconsecrated areas were more effective at weakening western supported regime.
Example: The overthrow of the US backed Batista regime in the Cuban Revolution.
Significance: This technique of guerilla warfare, created a way for smaller peasant movements to create successful violent movements against western backed nations

Question 34

Zucatti Park

Answer 34

Definition: The park that the occupy movement originated. Near Wall Street
Significance:Significant because it shows that if the governing power doesn’t crack down on a demonstration, usually doesn’t amount to much.

Question 35

Yushchenko

Answer 35

Definition: Presidential Candidate in Ukraine.
Significance: He was closely related to the origins of the Orange Revolution.

Question 36

Gen Rachid Ammar

Answer 36

Definition: A general in the Tunisian Army. Ordered the Tunisian Army to not to use deadly force with the Tunisian uprisings. By not acting as ordered, he contributed to the fall of Ben Ali.
Significance: We have spoken about how the stance of the military is sometimes the most important factor as to if a revolutionary outcome occurs. According to Defronzo a “tolerant world context” is necessary to for revolution to occur. The stance of the Tunisian army is a good example of this.

Question 37

Mohamed Bouazizi

Answer 37

Definition: A Tunisian that self immolates as an act against the corrupt government. This act arguably, sparking the Arab Spring
Significance: A perfect example of the spark or “x-factor” as according to Chalmers Johnson. Johnson states that only with this x-factor in conjunction with Multiple Dysfunction and an Intransigent Elite can revolution occur.

Question 38

Zine al Abidine Ben Ali

Answer 38

Definition: Dictator in Tunisia for 23 years. Removed after protesting.
Significance: Created a mass frustration inside Tunisian society that was sparked by the wiki leaks “x-factor”

Question 39

Ayatollah Khomeini

Answer 39

Definition: Iranian religious figure and leader of the 1979 Iranian revolution.
Significance: Used his authority to neutralize the Shah’s military and accelerate the deterioration of the Shah’s regime. Asserted Islamic fundamentalism into Iranian government and culture.

Question 40

Hafez al Assad

Answer 40

Definition: President of Syria form 1971-2000. Crushed opposition and controlled civil liberties
Significance:His authoritarian and tyrannical rule set the stage for revolution and the resulting civil war.

Question 41

Orange Revolution

Answer 41

Definition: A large uprising within Ukraine in 2005, led by Yushchenko, after the accusations of voter fraud in the recent presidential election. They demanded another free and fair election.
Significance: An instance of the moderates coming to power inside of Ukraine. Non-violent protests succeeding in the end.

Question 42

Mohamed Morsi

Answer 42

Definition: First freely elected leader of Egypt. President of Egypt from 2012-2013. Elected after the 2011 Egyptian revolution. Removed from power after political difference between religious Muslims and secularists cause protests.
Significance: Demonstrated the likely military coup that occurs when moderates come to power with a non organized government.

Question 43

AKP

Answer 43

Definition: The Turkish Justice and Development Party (AKP). Founded by Erdogan.
Significance: The parties re-establishment shows Erdogans unchecked power in Turkey.

Question 44

Blowback

Answer 44

Definition: Unforeseen consequences of foreign policy down the road.
Example: During the Syrian Civil War , United States and Saudi Arabia supported and aided anti-assad armed groups. Some of those groups later shifted loyalty to ISIS.
Significance: Through blowback, unintended foreign policy consequences can add to a revolutionary situation. Such as the case with US back rebels that later turned into Al-Qaeda.

Question 45

Recip Tayyip Erdogan

Answer 45

Definition: Erdogan was the prime minister and then later president of Turkey. Founded the AKP.
Significance: increases the economic ability of Turkey, but slowly shifts turkey into a more authoritarian/islamic influenced country.

Question 46

Brintons stages of recvolution

Answer 46

1) Economic Increase
2) Relative Deprivation
3) Defecting Intellectuals
4) Govt. doesn’t react
5) Ruling class loose faith in traditional ideology.