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A & P lecture > final exam terms > Flashcards

final exam terms Flashcards

1
Q

central nervous system

A

brain, spinal cord

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2
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

autonomic, somatic

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3
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

parasympathetic and sympathetic

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4
Q

multipolar neuron

A

most common, one axon with multiple dendrites

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5
Q

bipolar neurons

A

has both an axon and dendrite extending from soma in opposite directions

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6
Q

unipolar

A

one nerve process extending from cell body, axon that extends into dendrites

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7
Q

4 major regions of CNS

A

cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum

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8
Q

cerebrum

A

largest, anterior portion of brain

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9
Q

diencephalon

A

central part of forebrain. thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

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10
Q

brain stem

A

connects cerebrum to spinal cord. Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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11
Q

cerebellum

A

balance and motor functions, located in the back

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12
Q

what type of pathways does ANS have

A

involuntary efferent pathways

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13
Q

characteristics of neurons

A

dendrites, cell body, and axon

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14
Q

how does the axon’s structure reflect its function?

A

its long length can help it carry electrical signals long distances

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15
Q

functions of nervous system

A

sensory input, integration, motor output

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16
Q

somatic nervous system

A

voluntary nerve fibers that conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles

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17
Q

schwann cells

A

forms myelin sheaths around PNS neurons

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18
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers

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19
Q

Ependymal cells

A

line cerebrospinal fluid- filled CNS cavities

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20
Q

Anterograde movement

A

movement away from cell body

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21
Q

Retrograde movement

A

movement toward cell body for degradation or recycling

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22
Q

axon hillock

A

origin of where axon extends, within cell body

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23
Q

Ach

A

neurotransmitters that helps in brain and body functions

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24
Q

what is the integration center of the reflex arc

A

halfway point of reflex loop. sensory neurons transmit info to motor neurons.

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25
Q

reflex arc

A
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26
Q

frontal lobe

A

largest, voluntary movement, higher level executive functions

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27
Q

parietal lobe

A

receive and process SENSORY input

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28
Q

occipital lobe

A

sight, back of the head

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29
Q

temporal lobe

A

one on each side of brain, manages emotions, processing info, memories, understanding language.

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30
Q

insula

A

small region of cerebral cortex deep on lateral sulcus. Risk- reward behavior

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31
Q

commissure that connects right and left side of brain

A

corpus collosum

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32
Q

ridges of tissues on surface of the brain

A

gyri

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33
Q

loss of ability to perform motor activities is probably due to damage to the _____

A

primary motor cortex

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34
Q

area of cortex for sensing a full bladder

A

hypothalamus

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35
Q

part of cerebral cortex responsible for intellect, cognition recall, and personality:

A

prefrontal cortex

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36
Q

Broca’s area

A

production of speech

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37
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

ability to understand words

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38
Q

what does cerebral dominance mean?

A

being more left or right dominant

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39
Q

“executive suite”

A

cerebrum

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40
Q

region including the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus

A

diencephalon

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41
Q

regulates body temp

A

hypothalamus

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42
Q

parts of brain stem top to bottom

A

midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata

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43
Q

hours of sleep

A

9-10 (depends on the person)

44
Q

pacinian corpuscles

A

sensory receptors for vibration and deep pressure

45
Q

ruffini corpuscles

A

sense skin stretching, movement, and finger position

46
Q

meissner corpuscles

A

cutaneous nerve ending that transmits sensation of fine and discriminative touch and vibration

47
Q

meaning of plexus

A

collection of nerves

48
Q

cervical plexus

A

nerves in neck, very complex, sensory and motor nerve supply to neck

49
Q

lumbar plexus

A

nerves that come from lumbar spinal cord, exit through intervertebral foramina

50
Q

brachial plexus

A

shoulder nerves that carry movement and sensory signals from spinal cord to arms and hands

51
Q

sacral plexus

A

supplies skin and muscles of pelvis/ lower limb

52
Q

segmental level

A

spinal roots that enter and exit column between each of the vertebral segments

53
Q

precommand level

A

highest level of motor control involved in planning and initiation of complex movements

54
Q

crossed extensor

A

contralateral reflex that allows the body to compensate

55
Q

flexor

A

muscles whose contractions bends limb or other body part

56
Q

tendon

A

soft fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone

57
Q

plantar

A

bottom of foot

58
Q

nerves that carry impulses toward CNS are

A

afferent nerves

59
Q

deep- tissue massage involve with

A

pacinian corpuscles

60
Q

levels of neural integration

A

receptor, circuit level, perceptual level

61
Q

epineurium

A

outermost layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the peripheral nerve

62
Q

endoneurium

A

layer of connective tissue that surrounds axons

63
Q

perineurium

A

protective sheath surrounding nerve fascicle

64
Q

nerve responsible for balance

A

vestibulochochlear nerves AKA cranial

65
Q

vagus nerve

A

carries signals between brain, heart, and digestive system

66
Q

sciatic nerve

A

provides innervation to posterior portion of thigh

67
Q

reflex arc

A

receptor–> sensory neuron–> spinal cord,

68
Q

norepinephrine

A

neurotransmitter secreted during sympathetic movement

69
Q

sympathetic

A

rest and digest

70
Q

parasympathetic

A

fight or flight

71
Q

responsible for overall integration of ANS

A

hypothalamus

72
Q

lens

A

transmits light that focuses on retina

73
Q

fovea centralis

A

pit inside the macula

74
Q

aqueous humor

A

transmits light supporting posterior surface of lens and holds neural layer of retina firmly against the pigmented layer

75
Q

retina

A

bridge between external light and visible images. Optic nerve receives electrical signals creating images in brain

76
Q

pharyngotympanic tube

A

runs obliquely connecting middle ear cavity with nasopharynx. normally closed

77
Q

vestibule

A

Within the bony labyrinth. Central egg- shaped cavity of labyrinth

78
Q

otoliths

A

two membranous sacs of vestibule. GRAVITY RECEPTORS

79
Q

tympanic membrane

A

the eardrum

80
Q

cochlear duct

A

Transforms cochlear liquid vibrations into neural signals

81
Q

otis media

A

an infection within the middle ear

82
Q

conduction deafness

A

sounds cannot get through to outer and middle ear

83
Q

glaucoma

A

Group of eye diseases that can cause vision loss and blindness by damaging the optic nerve.

84
Q

crista ampullaris

A

senses angular acceleration and deceleration

85
Q

olfactory epithelium

A

thin cellular tissue running along root of nasal cavity

86
Q

macula

A

lateral to blind spot of each eye. allows sight of small details and specific aspects of object

87
Q

maculae

A

receptor regions that respond to pull of gravity/ changes in head position. controls posture. help control posture

88
Q

why is the myelin sheath important?

A

faster conduction, provides insulation, conserves signal energy.

89
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

type of hearing loss caused by damage to neural structures. prolonged exposure to loud sounds.

90
Q

tinnitus

A

perception of noise that doesn’t externally exist. IE: buzzing or ringing in the ear.

91
Q

sympathetic

A

fight or flight

92
Q

parasympathetic

A

rest and digest

93
Q

alzheimers disease

A

progressive degenerative disease leading to dementia. Memory loss, Shortened attention span, Disorientation, Language loss

94
Q

Parkinson’s disease

A

degenerative disease of dopamine- releasing neurons. Persistent tremor at rest, Poor posture, Slow walkers, Stiff facial expression

95
Q

Huntington’s disease

A

fatal hereditary disease killing brain cells and tissue. Progressive and fatal within 15 years

96
Q

CNI and function

A

Olfactory- sense of smell

97
Q

CNII and function

A

Optic- vision

98
Q

CNIII and function

A

Oculomotor- eye movement

99
Q

CNIV and function

A

Trochlear- eye movement

100
Q

CNVI and function

A

Abducens- motor

101
Q

CNV and function

A

Trigeminal- sensory and motor

102
Q

CNVII and function

A

Facial- sensory and motor

103
Q

CNIX and function

A

Glossopharyngeal- mixed

104
Q

CNX and function

A

Vagus- mixed

105
Q

CNXI and function

A

Accessory- motor

106
Q

CNXII and function

A

Hypoglossal- motor

A & P lecture (1 decks)

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