final exam terms Flashcards
central nervous system
brain, spinal cord
peripheral nervous system
autonomic, somatic
autonomic nervous system
parasympathetic and sympathetic
multipolar neuron
most common, one axon with multiple dendrites
bipolar neurons
has both an axon and dendrite extending from soma in opposite directions
unipolar
one nerve process extending from cell body, axon that extends into dendrites
4 major regions of CNS
cerebrum, diencephalon, brain stem, cerebellum
cerebrum
largest, anterior portion of brain
diencephalon
central part of forebrain. thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
brain stem
connects cerebrum to spinal cord. Midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
cerebellum
balance and motor functions, located in the back
what type of pathways does ANS have
involuntary efferent pathways
characteristics of neurons
dendrites, cell body, and axon
how does the axon’s structure reflect its function?
its long length can help it carry electrical signals long distances
functions of nervous system
sensory input, integration, motor output
somatic nervous system
voluntary nerve fibers that conduct impulses from CNS to skeletal muscles
schwann cells
forms myelin sheaths around PNS neurons
oligodendrocytes
form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers
Ependymal cells
line cerebrospinal fluid- filled CNS cavities
Anterograde movement
movement away from cell body
Retrograde movement
movement toward cell body for degradation or recycling
axon hillock
origin of where axon extends, within cell body
Ach
neurotransmitters that helps in brain and body functions
what is the integration center of the reflex arc
halfway point of reflex loop. sensory neurons transmit info to motor neurons.
reflex arc
frontal lobe
largest, voluntary movement, higher level executive functions
parietal lobe
receive and process SENSORY input
occipital lobe
sight, back of the head
temporal lobe
one on each side of brain, manages emotions, processing info, memories, understanding language.
insula
small region of cerebral cortex deep on lateral sulcus. Risk- reward behavior
commissure that connects right and left side of brain
corpus collosum
ridges of tissues on surface of the brain
gyri
loss of ability to perform motor activities is probably due to damage to the _____
primary motor cortex
area of cortex for sensing a full bladder
hypothalamus
part of cerebral cortex responsible for intellect, cognition recall, and personality:
prefrontal cortex
Broca’s area
production of speech
Wernicke’s area
ability to understand words
what does cerebral dominance mean?
being more left or right dominant
“executive suite”
cerebrum
region including the thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus
diencephalon
regulates body temp
hypothalamus
parts of brain stem top to bottom
midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata
hours of sleep
9-10 (depends on the person)
pacinian corpuscles
sensory receptors for vibration and deep pressure
ruffini corpuscles
sense skin stretching, movement, and finger position
meissner corpuscles
cutaneous nerve ending that transmits sensation of fine and discriminative touch and vibration
meaning of plexus
collection of nerves
cervical plexus
nerves in neck, very complex, sensory and motor nerve supply to neck
lumbar plexus
nerves that come from lumbar spinal cord, exit through intervertebral foramina
brachial plexus
shoulder nerves that carry movement and sensory signals from spinal cord to arms and hands
sacral plexus
supplies skin and muscles of pelvis/ lower limb
segmental level
spinal roots that enter and exit column between each of the vertebral segments
precommand level
highest level of motor control involved in planning and initiation of complex movements
crossed extensor
contralateral reflex that allows the body to compensate
flexor
muscles whose contractions bends limb or other body part
tendon
soft fibrous tissue connecting muscle to bone
plantar
bottom of foot
nerves that carry impulses toward CNS are
afferent nerves
deep- tissue massage involve with
pacinian corpuscles
levels of neural integration
receptor, circuit level, perceptual level
epineurium
outermost layer of dense irregular connective tissue surrounding the peripheral nerve
endoneurium
layer of connective tissue that surrounds axons
perineurium
protective sheath surrounding nerve fascicle
nerve responsible for balance
vestibulochochlear nerves AKA cranial
vagus nerve
carries signals between brain, heart, and digestive system
sciatic nerve
provides innervation to posterior portion of thigh
reflex arc
receptor–> sensory neuron–> spinal cord,
norepinephrine
neurotransmitter secreted during sympathetic movement
sympathetic
rest and digest
parasympathetic
fight or flight
responsible for overall integration of ANS
hypothalamus
lens
transmits light that focuses on retina
fovea centralis
pit inside the macula
aqueous humor
transmits light supporting posterior surface of lens and holds neural layer of retina firmly against the pigmented layer
retina
bridge between external light and visible images. Optic nerve receives electrical signals creating images in brain
pharyngotympanic tube
runs obliquely connecting middle ear cavity with nasopharynx. normally closed
vestibule
Within the bony labyrinth. Central egg- shaped cavity of labyrinth
otoliths
two membranous sacs of vestibule. GRAVITY RECEPTORS
tympanic membrane
the eardrum
cochlear duct
Transforms cochlear liquid vibrations into neural signals
otis media
an infection within the middle ear
conduction deafness
sounds cannot get through to outer and middle ear
glaucoma
Group of eye diseases that can cause vision loss and blindness by damaging the optic nerve.
crista ampullaris
senses angular acceleration and deceleration
olfactory epithelium
thin cellular tissue running along root of nasal cavity
macula
lateral to blind spot of each eye. allows sight of small details and specific aspects of object
maculae
receptor regions that respond to pull of gravity/ changes in head position. controls posture. help control posture
why is the myelin sheath important?
faster conduction, provides insulation, conserves signal energy.
sensorineural deafness
type of hearing loss caused by damage to neural structures. prolonged exposure to loud sounds.
tinnitus
perception of noise that doesn’t externally exist. IE: buzzing or ringing in the ear.
sympathetic
fight or flight
parasympathetic
rest and digest
alzheimers disease
progressive degenerative disease leading to dementia. Memory loss, Shortened attention span, Disorientation, Language loss
Parkinson’s disease
degenerative disease of dopamine- releasing neurons. Persistent tremor at rest, Poor posture, Slow walkers, Stiff facial expression
Huntington’s disease
fatal hereditary disease killing brain cells and tissue. Progressive and fatal within 15 years
CNI and function
Olfactory- sense of smell
CNII and function
Optic- vision
CNIII and function
Oculomotor- eye movement
CNIV and function
Trochlear- eye movement
CNVI and function
Abducens- motor
CNV and function
Trigeminal- sensory and motor
CNVII and function
Facial- sensory and motor
CNIX and function
Glossopharyngeal- mixed
CNX and function
Vagus- mixed
CNXI and function
Accessory- motor
CNXII and function
Hypoglossal- motor
