Final exam terms Flashcards
ethnic revival
a period in the 1970s when many Americans sought to reclaim a distinct ethnic heritage as a response to the hegemonic process
neo-ethnicity
a consciously reinvigorated cultural heritage that had been previously lost
corporatization of ethnic food
a process in which products and practices that exited outside the mainstream increasingly become produced and promoted by large corporations
status symbol
an object that represents one’s social status, most often used to refer to social class status
Foodways
the patterns that establish “what we eat, as well as how and why and under what circumstances we eat”
food system
the set of vast, interlinked institutions and processes that transform sunlight, water, and soil into meaning laden foods
Health halo
when the focus on healthy ingredients influences consumers to regard an entire product containing those ingredients as healthy
medicalization of obesity
the dominant view that defines overweight and obesity as medical issues and high rates of overweight and obesity in a population as a health crisis; this model promotes individual weight loss as the appropriate solution
obesogenic environment
settings such as families, neighborhoods, and schools that encourage overconsumption of foods believed to contribute to overweight and obesity
upstream approaches to diet and health
an approach that focuses on the social and structural context that shapes the food and lifestyle available to different social groups
downstream approaches to diet and health
an approach, such as the medical model of obesity, that focuses on the behavior of individuals
consumer sovereignty
the revered idea in the capitalist culture that consumers should make their own free consumption choices based on their own unique tastes and wants, favoring the best and cheapest among competing selections
brand
a commercially developed symbol
food icons
a brand or food item that constitutes an especially powerful symbol of group identity
technology treadmill
a process in which falling unit prices force farmers to adopt costly new technologies to garner higher yields to replace lost income; however, the technology also creates an over-supply of products that pushes prices down even further
productivism
the relentless effort to increase output with the assumption that greater output is inherently positive
commodification
the process of shaping products to be interchangeable mass-produced goods that take their value from the prices they fetch on the market
biotechnology
A form of technology that uses living organisms, usually genes, to modify products, to make or modify plants and animals, or to develop other microorganisms for specific purposes.
nutrient pollution
when excessive nitrogen and phosphorus enter bodies of water, prompting the overgrowth of algae and aquatic plants
Substitutionism
the corporate practice of designing food value chains that enable flexibility in sourcing primary products; for example, being easily able to substitute beet sugar for cane sugar, or cocoa from Ghana for cocoa from Brazil
Appropriationism
the corporate practice of selling inputs (such as seeds) to farmers that were previously produced on the farm itself; enables corporations to avoid the risks of farming
international division of labor
the pattern, established under colonialism, in which countries of the global South produce primary products and countries of the global North produce manufactured goods
Global South
the set of low income countries in Africa, the Americas, and Asia; most were formally European colonies; the term as largely replaced the “third world”
development project
the global effort to modernize the societies and economies of the South
free trade vs fair trade
Free trade operates within the traditional market economy, with little concern for the welfare of producers and workers. Fair trade operates outside of the traditional market and seeks to ensure fair wages and better working conditions for producers
Food insecurity
limited access or lack of access to a nutritionally sound and culturally appropriate diet from reliable mainstream sources
food deserts
communities that lack full-line supermarkets, forcing typically low-income residents to make do with fast-food restaurants and convenience stores or travel long distances to access a supermarket
scarcity fallacy
the false assumption that hunger is caused by insufficient food production
food activism
food activism is about making empowered choices around food, in the widest sense
social movements
an organized collection of people working to change key features of society and culture by challenging of defending existing social structures
food democracy
the idea that people can and should be actively participating in shaping the food system, rather than remaining passive spectators on the sidelines
food sovereignty
the right of peoples to healthy and culturally appropriate food produced through ecologically sound and sustainable methods, and their right to define their own food and agriculture systems.
embeddedness
the notion that all economic activity both draws on and impacts the broader society and its relationship with nature
organics
produced or involving production without the use of chemical fertilizers, pesticides, or other artificial agents
geographic indication
a form of placed-based labeling and intellectual property; only qualifying producers in a defined geographic region can use particular protected labels
