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Intro to Public Health (HSPH 201) > Final Exam - Terms > Flashcards

Final Exam - Terms Flashcards

1
Q

Public Health

A

The fulfillment of society’s interest in assuring the conditions in which people can be healthy

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2
Q

Epidemiology

A

The study of the distribution and determinants of disease frequency in human populations

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3
Q

Market Justice

A

Prioritizes individual resources and choices determine the distribution of health care, with little sense of collective obligation or a role of government

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4
Q

Social Justice

A

Allocates goods and services according to an individual’s needs

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5
Q

Federalism

A

A form of government in which powers are divided between two levels of equal status

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6
Q

Decentralized Health Department

A

Relates primarily to local government, although may also report to the state health agency (i.e., NYC)

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7
Q

Centralized Health Department

A

A unit of the state health agency (i.e., Oklahoma)

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8
Q

Health Equity

A

Everyone has a fair and just opportunity to be healthier

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9
Q

Equality

A

Everyone gets the same - regardless if it’s needed or right for them

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10
Q

Equity

A

Everyone gets what they need - understanding the barriers, circumstances, and conditions

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11
Q

10 Essential Public Health Services

A
  1. Access and monitor population health status, factors that influence health, and community needs and assets
  2. Investigate, diagnose, and address health problems and hazards affecting the population
  3. Communicate effectively to inform and educate people about health, factors that influence it, and how to improve it
  4. Strengthen, support, and mobilize Communities and Partnerships to improve health
  5. Create, champion, and implement policies, plans, and laws that impact health
  6. Utilize legal and regulatory actions designed to improve and protect the public’s health
  7. Assure an effective system that enables equitable access to the individual services and care needed to be healthy
  8. Build and support a diverse and skilled public health workforce
  9. Improve and innovate public health functions through ongoing evaluation, research, and continuous quality improvement
  10. Build and maintain a strong organizational infrastructure for public health
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12
Q

Infectious Agent

A

The microorganism which can cause disease

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13
Q

Reservoir

A

a.k.a. Source of infection, where the microorganism can live and thrive - can be any person, animal, any object in the environment, food or water

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14
Q

Portal of Exit

A

Describes the way the microorganism leaves the reservoir - examples include coughing, sneezing, feces, and vomit

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15
Q

Mode of Transmission

A

Describes how microorganisms are transmitted from one person or place to another - could be via someone’s hands, on an object, through the air or bodily fluid contact

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16
Q

Portal of Entry

A

How the infection enters another individual - could be landing on a mucous membrane, being breathed in, entering via a wound, or a tube such as a catheter

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17
Q

Susceptible Host

A

Describe the person who is vulnerable to infection

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18
Q

Herd Immunity

A

When a large portion of the community becomes immune to a disease, making the spread of disease from person to person unlikely. As a result, the whole community becomes protected - not just those who are immune.

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19
Q

Endemic

A

The usual prevalence of a disease in a given area

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20
Q

Epidemic

A

The occurrence in a community or geographic area of a disease at a rate that clearly exceeds the normally expected rate

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21
Q

“Notifiable” disease

A

A disease that the law requires to be reported to public health authorities as part of the public health surveillance system

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22
Q

Shoe-leather Epidemiology

A

The practice of personally investigating disease; outbreaks at the local population level, and not relying on the reports of others

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23
Q

Exposure

A

Event that comes before the health outcome we are interested in. We are looking for the causal agent - example: smoking

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24
Q

Outcome/disease

A

The end of the causal path, what disease or health outcome we are interested in studying - example: cancer

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25
Q

Confounder

A

A variable that alters or influences the relationship between the exposure and the outcome - example: age

26
Q

Associations

A

Finding statistical similarities between the cause of a disease or health outcome, since you cannot 100% prove the cause in statistics (the math behind epidemiology)

27
Q

Determinants

A

Risk factors for a disease/outcome - example: personal experiences, economic and social factors that can cause disease

28
Q

Incidence

A

NEW cases of disease: Person, place, and time needs to be clearly defined

29
Q

Prevalence

A

EXISTING cases of disease: Person, place, and time needs to be clearly defined - includes new cases as well as individuals who were previously diagnosed

30
Q

Epi-Curve / Distribution of Disease

A

Plotting where or when the disease/outcome occurred, and depicts what has happened over time, including the number of cases, hospitalizations, or death

31
Q

Pandemic

A

An outbreak of a disease that occurs over a wide geographic area and affects an exceptionally high proportion of the population

32
Q

Outbreak

A

A sudden increase in the incidence of disease

33
Q

Isolation

A

Sick people with a contagious disease are separated from people who aren’t sick

34
Q

Quarantine

A

People who were exposed to a disease are separated and restricted of movement to see if they become sick - these people may not know they were exposed or may be asymptomatic

35
Q

Case-Control Study

A

An epidemiological study that compares individuals affected by a disease with a comparable group of persons who do not have the disease to seek possible causes or associations

36
Q

Cohort Study

A

A study of a group of people, or cohort, followed over time to see how some disease or diseases develop

37
Q

Randomized Clinical Trial (RCT)

A

A study in which the participants are divided randomly into separate groups that compare different treatments or other interventions

38
Q

Cross-Sectional Study

A

A sample of persons from a population is enrolled and their exposures and health outcomes are measured simultaneously

39
Q

Case Report

A

A detailed description of a disease occurrence in a single individual. Unusual features of the case may suggest a new hypothesis about the causes or mechanisms of that disease

40
Q

Systematic Review

A

A powerful research tool which aims to identify and synthesize all evidence relevant to a research question

41
Q

Meta-Analysis

A

A quantitative, formal, epidemiological study design used to systematically assess the results of previous research to derive conclusions about that body of research

42
Q

Social Epidemiology

A

The branch of epidemiology that considers how social interactions and collective human activities affect health

43
Q

Data and Surveillance

A

Embeds a consistent “Social Determinants of Health” (SDOH) approach to standardization, analysis, and dissemination of data across the agency

44
Q

Evaluation and Evidence Building

A

Advancing evaluation and building evidence for strategies that address SDOH to reduce disparities and promote health equity

45
Q

Partnerships and Collaboration

A

Establish criteria, actionable steps, and strategies for partnerships, collaborations, and relationships that result in improved health outcomes in the long run

46
Q

Community Engagement

A

The process of working collaboratively with groups of people who are affiliated by geographic proximity, special interests, or similar situations with respect to issues affecting their well-being

47
Q

Infrastructure and Capacity

A

Communities, states, and the nation have the ability to prevent disease, promote health, and prepare for and respond to ongoing challenges and emerging threats to health

48
Q

Public Health Policy and Law

A

Laws, regulations, actions, and decisions implemented within society in order to promote wellness and ensure that specific health goals are met

49
Q

ACEs

A

Adverse Childhood Experiences

50
Q

Individual Choice

A

Rights that give individuals the freedom to participate in society; when it comes to health, individuals have the choice to engage in healthy or unhealthy behaviors

51
Q

ACA

A

Affordable Care Act (a.k.a. Obamacare)

52
Q

Morbidity

A

The term often used to mean illness or disease

53
Q

Mortality

A

The term often used to mean death and the death rate per unit of time per year in a population

54
Q

Unintentional Injury

A

Injuries that are traffic-related, drownings, falls, burns, and poisonings, for instance

55
Q

Intentional Injury

A

Injuries that include homicide, suicide, sexual violence, domestic violence, stalking, and harassment, for instance

56
Q

The Three Es

A

Education, Enforcement, Engineering

57
Q

OSHA

A

Occupational Safety and Health Administration; the federal agency, part of the U.S. Department of Labor, responsible for occupational health and the prevention of occupational injury

58
Q

Ecological Model

A

A way of considering individual behavior in the context of the social environment; includes influences at the interpersonal, organizational, community, and public policy levels

59
Q

Surveillance

A

The continuous, systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of health-related data needed for the planning, implementation, and evaluation of public health practice

60
Q

Teratogen

A

An agent, physical or chemical, that leads to malformations in a fetus as it develops

Intro to Public Health (HSPH 201) (1 decks)

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