Final Exam Terms

Question 1

what is acculturation/enculturation?

Answer 1

the transmission of culture from one generation to another

Question 2

what is an acting crowd?

Answer 2

an excited group that moves towards a goal. composed of 5 parts:
- tension, exciting event, milling, common object of attention, and common impulses.

Question 3

what is an agent provocateur?

Answer 3

a person sent to spy on a social movements leader(ship) and perhaps sabotage the agenda/activities

Question 4

what is assimilation?

Answer 4

dominant group absorbing the minority group

Question 5

types of sociological authority?

Answer 5

charismatic, rational-legal, traditional

Question 6

what is traditional authority?

Answer 6

authority based on custom: bloodline

Question 7

rational-legal authority?

Answer 7

bureaucratic authority - a position a person holds with pronouncements as written by the written law/constitution. not based on custom or personal characteristics.

Question 8

charismatic authority

Answer 8

a person with outstanding traits, exceptional qualities and thought to be chosen by god lol

Question 9

what is social deviance?

Answer 9

violation of norms

Question 10

what is capitalism?

Answer 10

economic system: private ownership of means of production, make a profit, competition in the market, investment of capital

Question 11

social order definition:

Answer 11

a groups usual and customary social arrangements.

Question 12

what is social control?

Answer 12

means by which a group enforces social order and norms.

ex.: police, laws, principals

Question 13

what is social deviance?

Answer 13

violation of norms

Question 14

biological theory of deviance?

Answer 14

looks at individual genetic predispositions to explain social deviance.
1. intelligence - low education leads to more crime
2. XYY - extra Y chromosome in males leads to more crime
3. body type - some body types lead to street crime

Question 15

psychological theory of deviance?

Answer 15

personality disorders - deviating personalities lead to social deviance.

Question 16

sociological theory of deviance?

Answer 16

sociologists look outside the individual there are inconsistencies in subgroups and wide spread differences in norms cause sociologists to look at the bigger picture:
- SOCIALIZATION
- SUBGROUP MEMBERSHIP
- SOCIAL CLASS

Question 17

what is differential association?

Answer 17

theory: deviance or conformity to society’s norms are learned through the people whom we spend time with

Question 18

what is labelling theory?

Answer 18

labels influence self-concept

Question 19

what are the levels of social deviance?

Answer 19

primary, secondary, and tertiary social deviance.

Question 20

how is secondary social deviance defined?

Answer 20

when an individual adopts the label given to a specific people group based on their deviant behaviours.

Question 21

what is primary social deviance?

Answer 21

an individual who partakes in deviant behaviours but ‘does not become part of their self-concept’

Question 22

what is tertiary social deviance?

Answer 22

socially deviant behaviour relabelled as non deviant. rejecting the notion that the behaviour is wrong

Question 23

what is symbolic interactionalism?

Answer 23

theory that people act according to their interpretations on a given situation. not blind predispositions.

Question 24

what is ‘strain theory’?

Answer 24

a theory that depicts how different people react to cultural goals and their means or circumstances in relation to the goal. in other words, how peoples place in life effects how people respond to society’s chasing of the wind.

Question 25

define white collar crime:

Answer 25

crimes that popped of high status commit during in their jobs/occupations.

Question 26

what is police discretion?

Answer 26

the decision whether or not to arrest someone or to ignore it

Question 27

define postmodernism:

Answer 27

thought process that attempts to deconstruct or decode the meaning of concepts

Question 28

what is modernization?

Answer 28

the transformation of traditional societies to industrial societies.

Question 29

what is a sect?

Answer 29

a group larger than a cult where members feel tension between the beliefs and values of the prevailing culture

Question 30

what is ecclesias?

Answer 30

government and religion working together to try to shape society

Question 31

what is institutionalized religion?

Answer 31

bureaucratic style, the counterparts and positions in a religious structure are passed down from generation to generation

Question 32

definition of denomination?

Answer 32

splinter groups of religions not based off of the main belief but on smaller teachings.

Question 33

how do technology and society mingle?

Answer 33

technology refers to the artificial means of extending human abilities.

Question 34

who is William Ogburn?

Answer 34

sociologist who theorized that social change is promoted by the use of technology

Question 35

three processes of technology and social change

Answer 35

1. invention
2. discovery
3. diffusion

Question 36

cultural lag

Answer 36

some elements of culture adapt more quickly than others

Question 37

theories of social change:

Answer 37

unilinear …
multilinear …
- marxist, cyclical, feminist, postmodern