final exam terms Flashcards
Enlightenment
emerged as an intellectual movement before 1750 but peaked in second half of eighteenth century
Encyclopedia
aimed to gather knowledge of science, religion, industry, and society; used knowledge to criticize defects in society; Denis Diderot wrote it
Philosophes wanted
freedom of the press and religion because progress depended on these freedoms
How did Enlightenment ideas spread?
printed books, pamphlets, hand copied letters, informal readings of manuscripts
Deists
believe in a benevolent, all knowing god who’d designed the universe and set it in motion; usually rejected the idea that God directly intercedes in functioning of the universe
New church architecture know as what emerged during the middle ages?
Gothic
Middle ages and rise of the university
saw the rise of this - students sought knowledge of 7 liberal arts that were broken down into Trivium (grammar, rhetoric, logic) and Quadrennium (arithmetics, astronomy, music theory, geometry) - logic was most appealing
Common Law
A legal system based on custom and court rulings - praised for efficiency, speed, and conclusiveness
Fourth Crusade (1202-1204)
Western European expedition originally intended to recapture Jerusalem but crusaders ended up conquering Constantinople
Revolution
a massive change - social, class, institutions changes - it’s political - change in economics - becomes less about rural sustainability and more about accumulation - see a fracture in class (church, nobility, everyone else)
The french revolution was
the beginning of the modern period
Levee en Masse
feared revolution and power of the people is demonstrated - Levee en Masse (stop-gap)
women in the french revolution
started to play a major role in the revolution - lose their right by the end of it
french revolution impact on religion
move towards modern (religion isn’t just archaic it’s unnecessary)
causes of French revolution
struggle between ancient absolutism and aristocratic institutions (centers on power to raise money through revolution), enlightenment rhetoric and ideals (start to see reaction of citizen, females are passive citizens), corruption of ruler (Louis 14th), increase of expectations, power of the people (people bring about massive changes - nobility is still irrational during enlightenment)
Great Fear
The panic and insecurity that struck French peasants before the revolution - deep economic crisis
second french revolution and the role that Jacobins had
The Jacobins were members of an influential political club during the French Revolution. They were radical revolutionaries who plotted the downfall of the king and the rise of the French Republic.
Sans-culottes
(members of the jacobins club in france) campaigned for a more democratic constitution, price controls, harsh laws against political enemies
End of French Revolution
came to an end after the trials and tribulations of the reign of terror in 1794 - use of force to make people rational was starting to slow down - revolution was slowing down and a need for stability was required
winners of the revolution french revolution
middle class (Bourgeoise)
guilds (french revolution)
were abolished
unions (french revolution)
abolished - ended government regulation in the economy
losers of the French revolution
aristocratic, clerical classes
impacts on the aristocratic class after the french revolution
lose their feudal property rights in the transition from a feudalist to modern society - titles, courts, and status was revoked
impacts on the clerical class after the french revolution
wealth was seized, influence over society weakened - monastic orders suppressed - regulated under civil constitution - clergy was eventually paid for by the state
remainder of the third estate after the french revolution
workers lost political rights, guild and union rights - peasants lost feudal rights
middle class after the french revolution
started to act like pre-revolutionary aristocratic class (lavish)
Rise of Napoleon
staged a coup in 1799 - part of the Jacobin club that supported revolutionary ideas - brilliant military thinker and strategist - spread revolutionary ideas to other areas
Napoleon and Religion (Catholic)
first diplomatic decision to bring back catholic church through a concordat with Pope Pius VII in 1801 - scrapped religion of reason - open church seminaries again - still declared France as a secular state in terms of education - church must tolerate other religions leading to a peaceful relationship between church and state
Law (Code Napoleon)
reversed most of the changes that the french revolution brought - women in particular lost many rights due to this code
state education
as opposed to church-run education that was seen behaviour, education became state controlled
bureaucracy during napoleans rule
all adult males have the right to vote - only men loyal to Napoleon were placed on the ballot - if you vote, you were voting for Napoleon
fall of Napoleon
first major defeat for him was in Spain, not Russia - Spanish people revolted with the help of the British - Spanish nationalism rose because of the cruelty of French occupiers - Guerilla began fighting
industrialization
shaped our perception of time and space - forced the created of new human beings
shift to centralize factory-based production required two things
new economic order + new orientation of workers
new orientation of workers
workers before tended to be non-accumulative - didn’t acquire things - worked for subsistence
most commonly used deterrent in factories used
biggest one was dismissal (not used in factories), enormously effective because of labour shortage and that there was no safety net
incentives (industrial revolution)
children tended to be given snuff (tobacco you can sniff) - promotion is also one
new ethos
effort to reform the whole human being (works well in places with one factory)
the point of the industrial revolution
isn’t just about machines and making stuff but that it’s centred on the need to create new human beings to turn people in a way into machines to change the way of working
Industrial Revolution
the conquest of nature (humans escaping from the vagaries of nature) - a violent shift - the ending of traditional practices that was forced upon people (power over nature)
Technologically driven (industrial revolution)
most common, traditional and simplistic explanation - the idea that one foundational invention (Steam engine) was the cause of industrialization
Who created the steam engine?
James Watt
What did the steam engine do?
brought a change from nature to freedom and reliability on mechanical power
railways (industrial revolution)
drive the industrial revolution - enormous impact on industrialization
short term impacts of railways in the industrial revolution
construction, heavy phase industrialization, end of alternative transportation, speculative manias
long term impacts of railways in the industrial revolution
commerce stimulated by communication, agriculture, railways developed as export product, urban growth encouraged, social implication, travel habit
Aristocracy in Britain during industrial revolution
tended to be more open to new ideas, open to investment, investing in railways canals and weren’t afraid to invest money
Dominate
openly authoritarian style of Roman rule
Tetrarchy
Emperor Diocletian’s division of the Roman Empire into four seperate administrative districts
Great Persecution
violent program started by Diocletian to make christians convert to traditional religion
Edict of Milan
decreeing free choice of religion in the Roman empire
Arianism
A heresy common during the first Christian centuries that denied that Jesus was truly God.
Baptism (rise of doctrine)
ritually cleansing of past life - purifying rite of initiation
Matter
isn’t divine
Formation of The Christian canon
rise in church hierarchy + administration had a parallel development - rise in biblical authority
Jewish community was divided
sadducees + hasidim
Hasidism
rejected all compromises and interaction with foreign rule - expected arrival of messiah
Zealots
group of hasidim - lead an armed resistance to Roman rule
Enlightenment was a time period of
enormous optimism, age of reason, and age of conflict
someone who wouldn’t want an enlightenment
anglican church and catholic and the monarchy
Books of the Enlightenment
they were cheaper so people began to read more - newspapers became radical and dangerous because they could reach many different people - governments wanted to control newspapers - would break printing presses to assert control and resist the enlightenment
philosophes
A group of radical thinkers and writers in France in the eighteenth century, including Voltaire and Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
salons
people get together and discuss ideas
redistributive economy
A system in which state officials control the production and distribution of goods
linear B
Mycenaean writing system
mediterranean polyculture
The cultivation of olives, grapes, and grains in a single, interrelated agricultural system
Moral Dualism
The belief that the world is the arena for an ongoing battle for control between divine forces of good and evil
Torah
first five books of Hebrew bible - early Jewish law
Diaspora
A dispersion of Jewish people from their homeland
helot
Spartan slave
Archaic age
saw the creation of the Greek city state Polis
baroque
An artistic style of the seventeenth century characterized by complex forms, bold ornamentation, and contrasting elements
Edict of Nantes
The decree issued by French king Henry IV in 1598 that granted the Huguenots a large measure of religious toleration.
Heliocentrism
The view articulated by Polish clergyman Nicolaus Copernicus that the earth and planets revolve around the sun
Lepanto
It broke the Ottoman Empire’s domination of the eastern Mediterranean
politiques
Political advisers during the sixteenth-century French Wars of Religion who argued that compromise in matters of religion would strengthen the monarchy
Puritans
strict calvinists - 16th century opposed all vestiges of Catholic ritual in church of england
Peace of Westphalia
The settlement (1648) of the Thirty Years’ War; it established enduring religious divisions in the Holy Roman Empire by which Lutheranism would dominate in the north, Calvinism in the area of the Rhine River, and Catholicism in the south
French Wars of Religion
were a series of eight conflicts between Protestant and Catholic factions in France lasting 36 years and concluding with the Protestant King Henry IV
thirty years war
(1618-1648) War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants and their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) and the emperor and his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia.
absolutism
a system of government in which a ruler holds total power
Bureaucracy
a network of state officials carrying out orders according to a regular and routine line of authority
Classicism
17th century style of painting and architecture - emotional forms of the baroque
Constitutionalism
A system of government in which rulers share power with parliaments made up of elected representatives
Glorious Revolution
James II abdicated his throne and was replaced by his daughter Mary and her husband, Prince William of Orange representing a shift from an absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy
Levellers
Disgruntled soldiers in Cromwell’s New Model Army who wanted to “level” social differences and extend political participation to all male property owners
Revocation of the Edict of Nantes
French king Louis XIV’s 1685 decision to eliminate the rights of Calvinists granted in the edict of 1598; Louis banned all Calvinist public activities and forced those who refused to embrace the state religion to flee
social contract
all political authority derives not from divine right but from an implicit contract between citizens and their rulers
Mercantilism
economic doctrine that governments must intervene to increase national wealth by whatever means possible
delian league
The naval alliance led by Athens in the Golden Age that became the basis for the Athenian Empire
triremes
Greek warships
perciples
athens political leader during the golden age
agora
central market square of a greek city-state, popular gathering place for conversation
parthenon
massive temple to athena - built during the golden age
mystery cults
Religious worship that provided initiation into secret knowledge and divine protection, including hope for a better afterlife
metic
foreigner in a Greek city-state granted permanent residence in return for paying taxes and serving in the military
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Socratic Method
Socrates method of teaching by asking questions “what is courage”
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Metaphysics
Philosophical ideas about the ultimate nature of reality beyond the reach of human senses
dualism
philosophical idea that the human soul and body are separate
lyceum
Aristotle’s school - school for research
epigrams
Short poems written by women in the Hellenistic Age; many were about other women and the writer’s personal feelings
materialism
philosophical doctrine (hellenistic age) that denied metaphysics and claimed only things existing of matter truly exist
Epicureanism
philosophy founded by Epicurus in Hellenistic Athens - help people achieve a life of true pleasure - absence of disturbance
stoicism
Hellenistic philosophy - believed in fate but also in pursuing excellence through good sense, justice, courage, temperance
ruler cults
Cults that involved worship of a Hellenistic ruler as a savior god
patron-client system
the interlocking network of mutual obligations between Roman patrons and clients
patria potestas
the surpreme power that a Roman father held over his family
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Plebiscites
Resolutions passed by the Plebeian Assembly; such resolutions gained the force of law in 287 B.C.E.
Philosophes
used reason to attack superstition, bigotry, religious fanaticism which they considered biggest obstacles to free thought and social reform
Optimates
The Roman political faction supporting the “best,” or highest, social class; established during the late republic
proletarians
In the Roman republic, the mass of people so poor they owned no property
First Triumvirate
The coalition formed in 60 B.C.E. by Pompey, Crassus, and Caesar. (The word triumvirate means “group of three.”)
Pax Romana
roman peace - two centuries of relative peace and prosperity in the roman empire under the early principate begun by augustus
Principate
Roman political system invented by Augustus as a disguised monarchy with the princeps (“first man”) as emperor
Praetorian guard
the group of soldiers stationed in rome under the emperors control - first formed by Augustus
Colosseum
Rome’s fifty-thousand-seat amphitheater built by the Flavian dynasty for gladiatorial combats and other spectacles
Decurions
Municipal Senate members in the Roman Empire responsible for collecting local taxes
Romanization
the spread of roman law and culture in the provinces of the roman empire
Martyr
Greek for “witness” - term for someone who dies for his/her religious beliefs
Apolistic Succession
the principle by which christian bishops traced their authority back to the apostles of Jesus
Neoplatonism
Plotinus’s spiritual philosophy, based mainly on Plato’s ideas, which was very influential for Christian intellectuals
orthodoxy
True doctrine; specifically, the beliefs defined for Christians by councils of bishops
debasement of coinage
putting less silver in a coin without changing its face value; a failed financial strategy during the third century C.E. crisis in Rome
The creation of the principate
Senate recognized Octavian’s power and asked him to safeguard the state - special civil and military powers - honorary title of Augustus (divinely favoured)
English civil war
deadliest conflict in English history
Hobbes state of nature
state of war “every man against every man” - total freedom results in war
Locke State of Nature
life, liberty, estate
Locke social contract
overthrow government if it isn’t working
Hobbes social contract
give sovereign consent, restrict freedoms, have peace, royal perogative
Carolingian Dynasty
A Frankish dynasty founded by Charlemagne’s father that ruled from 751 to 987.
Seljuk Turks
Nomadic invaders from central Asia via Persia; staunch Sunnis; ruled in name of Abbasid caliphs from mid-11th century.
Fourth Crusade
A Crusade from 1202 to 1204 that was diverted into a battle for Constantinople and failed to recapture Jerusalem causing damage to Byzantine Empire. The Venetians profited greatly.
Mecca
City in western Arabia. Birthplace of the Prophet Muhammad, and ritual center of the Islamic religion.
Medina
City in western Arabia to which the Prophet Muhammad and his followers emigrated in 622 to escape persecution in Mecca.
Commercial Revolution
A dramatic change in the economy of Europe at the end of the Middle Ages. It is characterized by an increase in towns and trade, the use of banks and credit, and the establishment of guilds to regulate quality and price.
Crusades
A series of holy wars from 1096-1270 AD undertaken by European Christians to free the Holy Land from Muslim rule.
Signori
Lords of Italian cities. As the Italian communes of the 13th century became increasingly fractiious, regional nobles saw this friction as politically advantageous and offered to become the lords of the cities. Their accession to power was often accomplished peacefully, as most communes were willing to accept repression for a lasting peace.
Great Famine
A terrible famine in 1315-1322 that hit much of Europe after a period of climate change. Led to heavy persecution of Jews.
Black Death
A deadly plague that swept through Europe between 1347 and 1351.
Hundred Years War
Catholic Renewal
The counter-reformation the church went through in light of the Renaissance. They prohibited certain books and spread their message even more powerfully.
Spanish Fury
The greatest atrocity of the war between Spain and the Netherlands. Spanish mercenaries ran amok in Antwerp, leaving 7,000 people dead.
Concordat of Worms
A compromise between the king and the Pope that started that the church alone could grant a bishop his ring and staff (church power) but his power could be vetoed by the king.
The Reign of Terror
The Reign of Terror, also called the Terror, was a period of state-sanctioned violence and mass executions during the French Revolution
