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PSY 100 > Final exam subdivisions > Flashcards

Final exam subdivisions Flashcards

1
Q

Acetylcholine

A

a neurotransmitter – muscle action and memory

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2
Q

Beta-endorphin

A

a neurotransmitter – pain and pleasure

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3
Q

Dopamine

A

a neurotransmitter – mood, sleep, and learning

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4
Q

Norepinephrine

A

a neurotransmitter – heart, intestines, and alertness

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5
Q

Serotonin

A

a neurotransmitter – mood and sleep

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6
Q

Sensory Memory

A

storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes.

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7
Q

STM

A

a temporary storage system that processes incoming sensory memory.

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8
Q

LTM

A

the continuous storage of information

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9
Q

Explicit memory

A

facts and events we can consciously remember

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10
Q

Implicit memory

A

memories that are not part of our consciousness, formed unknowingly

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11
Q

Amygdala

A

part of limbic system; manages emotion, memory, and fear

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12
Q

Hippocampus

A

part of limbic system; associated with learning and memory

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13
Q

Hypothalamus

A

part of limbic system; regulates homeostatic processes

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14
Q

Medulla

A

part of hindbrain; controls automated processes: breathing, bld. pres., hrt. rt.

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15
Q

Pons

A

part of hindbrain; connects brain and spinal cord, involved in activity during sleep

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16
Q

Cerebellum

A

part of hindbrain; balance, coordination, movement, motor skills

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17
Q

Anchoring bias

A

fixation on a detail

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18
Q

Confirmation bias

A

fixation on info agreeing with pre-existing beliefs

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19
Q

Hindsight bias

A

“I knew it all along!”

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20
Q

Representative bias

A

unintentionally stereotype someone or something

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21
Q

Heuristic

A

mental short cut

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22
Q

Availability heuristic bias

A

focus on info most available to you

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23
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

process where the observer sees the model rewarded, making the observer more likely to imitate the model’s behavior.

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24
Q

Vicarious punishment

A

process where the observer sees the model punished, making the observer less likely to imitate the model’s behavior.

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25
Q

Steps of modeling process (observational learning)

A
  1. Attention – focus on the behavior.
  2. Retention – remember what you observed.
  3. Reproduction – be able to perform the behavior.
  4. Motivation – must want to copy the behavior.
26
Q

reciprocal determinism

A

Personality formed by:
- Behavior
- Cognitive Factors
- Situational factors

27
Q

fundamental attribution error

A

Blame others’ behavior on their character, but blame your own behavior on circumstance.

28
Q

groupthink

A

people change their opinions to conform with the group

29
Q

bystander effect

A

The more a person is surrounded by others, the less they are to act due to social loafing.

30
Q

social loafing

A

a person exerting less effort to achieve a goal when they work in a group than when working alone

31
Q

ways to reduce cognitive dissonance

A
  • Change their behavior - quitting smoking.
  • Change their belief through rationalization or denial - such as discounting the evidence that smoking is harmful.
  • Add a new cognition – “Smoking suppresses appetite so I don’t become overweight, which is good for my health”.
32
Q

Problem-focused coping

A

identifying the problem, considering solutions and selecting solution. often when stress is seen as controllable

33
Q

Emotion-focused coping

A

avoiding, minimizing, or distancing oneself from the problem, seeking happiness or treating symptoms of the stress rather than the problem itself. often used when stress is seen as out of control

34
Q

Hallucinogens

A

substances causing changes in sensory and perceptual experiences; includes Mescaline and LSD (serotonin agonists), PCP and ketamine (NMDA glutamate receptor antagonists)

35
Q

Stimulants

A

substances that increase overall levels of neural activity; includes Cocaine, Amphetamine, Cathinones (i.e., bath salts), MDMA, caffeine, nicotine, opioids (all highly addictive)

36
Q

Depressants

A

substances that suppress the central nervous system activity by binding to GABA receptors which makes the neuron less likely to fire; includes Alcohol, Barbiturates (anticonvulsant medication), Benzodiazepines (anti-anxiety medication)

37
Q

Teratogen

A

any environmental agent (biological, chemical, or physical) that causes damage to the developing embryo or fetus.
ex. alcohol, smoking, drugs, viruses, radiation

38
Q

Sleep debt

A

Sleep debt – result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis.

39
Q

Sleep Rebound

A

Sleep rebound – a sleep-deprived individual will tend to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep.

40
Q

Stanley Milgram Study

A

Obedience experiment: participants told to ‘shock’ learners under the instruction of an authority figure, and 2/3 participants continued to give shocks to an unresponsive learner
- showed the surprising degree to which people obey authority

41
Q

Phillip Zimbardo study

A

Stanford Prison Experiment: a mock prison was constructed and participants were given roles: prisoner or guard. The participants fell into their roles intensely, demonstrating the power of social roles, social norms, and scripts.

42
Q

Solomon Asch study

A

Conformity experiment: one subject and the rest were confederates; asked to look at two pictures of lines and determine which one was equal in height.
- The subject was likely to go along with the group, especially if there was a higher amount of people and they all gave the wrong answer
- Showed the influence of group majority on an individual’s judgement

43
Q

Dendrites

A

branching extensions of the soma (cell body), serving as input sites for messages from other neurons

44
Q

Axon

A

a major extension of a neuron where signals are transmitted and delivered to terminal buttons, which release neurotransmitters

45
Q

Neuron

A

cells in the nervous system that act as interconnected information processors, which are essential for all of the tasks of the nervous system

46
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger of the nervous system

47
Q

Frontal lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex involved in reasoning, motor control, emotion, and language; located in front

48
Q

Parietal lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex involved in processing various sensory and perceptual information; located on top

49
Q

Temporal lobe

A

part of cerebral cortex associated with hearing, memory, emotion, and some aspects of language; located near the ear

50
Q

Occipital lobe

A

part of the cerebral cortex associated with visual processing; located in back

51
Q

Major depressive disorder symptoms

A

“depressed mood most of the day, nearly every day” and loss of interest and pleasure in usual activities (for diagnosis, at least five symptoms for at least two weeks)

Symptoms:
- Weight loss or weight gain/increased or decreased appetite.
- Difficulty falling asleep or too much sleep.
- Psychomotor agitation or psychomotor retardation.
- Fatigue/loss of energy.
- Feelings of worthlessness or guilt.
- Difficulty concentrating, indecisiveness.
- Suicidal ideation – thoughts of death, thinking about/planning suicide, suicide attempt.

52
Q

Limbic system

A

collection of structures involved in processing emotion and memory

53
Q

Endocrine system

A

series of glands that produce chemical substances known as hormones

54
Q

Thalamus

A

sensory relay for the brain

55
Q

Substance withdrawal

A

negative symptoms experienced when drug use is discontinued.

56
Q

Substance tolerance

A

occurs when a person requires more and more of a drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses; linked to physiological dependence.

57
Q

Substance dependence

A

Physiological dependence - involves changes in normal bodily functions and withdrawal upon cessation of use.
Psychological dependence – emotional need for the drug.

58
Q

Stereotypes

A

a specific belief or assumption about individuals based solely on their membership in a group. (“People who have a name that begins with J are arrogant and obnoxious.”)

59
Q

Prejudice

A

a negative attitude and feeling toward an individual based solely on one’s membership in a particular social group. (“I hate people with the first letter J in their name; they make me angry.”)

60
Q

Discrimination

A

a negative action toward an individual as a result of one’s membership in a particular group. (“I would never hire nor become friends with a person if I knew he or she had a name that started with J.”)

PSY 100 (2 decks)

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