Final Exam Study Set Flashcards
different journalists report on a story the same way because they talk to one another while reporting and they read from one another for validation.
Pack Journalism
those opinions held by private persons which governments find it prudent to heed
Public opinion
a coalition of people who seek to control the machinery of government by winning elections
Political parties
strategically consequential information given to reporters on the condition that its source not be identified by name
Leak
A government agency’s act to prohibit the publication of material or speech before the fact. courts prohibit this except under extraordinary conditions
Prior restraint
drawing legislative districts in a way as to give one political party a disproportionately large share of seats for the share of votes its candidate wins
Gerrymander
an act of sending a proposed piece of legislation to more than one committee in the same chamber
Multiple Referral
the title given to the president by the constitution that denotes the president’s authority as the head of the national military
Commander-in-chief
a procedure permitting a president to cancel amounts of new discretionary appropriations as well as new items of direct spending and certain limited tax benefits, unless congress disapproves by law within a specified period of time.
Line-Item Veto
activities through which individuals, interest groups, and other institutions seek to influence public policy by persuading government officials to support their groups’ position
Lobbying
a unanimous resolution in the senate restricting debate and limiting amendments to bills on the floor
Unanimous Consent Agreements
an attempt by Roosevelt to remodel the federal judiciary. the purpose was to alleviate the overcrowding of federal court dockets by allowing the president to appoint an additional Supreme Court Justice for for every sitting justice over the age of 70.
Court-packing plan
a system in which newly elected officeholders award government jobs to political supporters and members of the same political party.
Spoils system
the authority of a court to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional and therefore invalid
Judicial review
a series of laws enacted in the late nineteenth century by southern states to institute segregation, created “white only” public institutions and goods
Jim Crow Laws
the simple proposition that an amendment must address the same subject as the matter being amended
Germaneness
parliamentary procedure used to close debate, cuts off filibusters, 3/5 senators must vote for cloture to halt a filibuster except on presidential nominations to offices other than Supreme Court Justice.
Cloture
inherent privacy protection for presidents as they formulate policy
Executive privilege
“Let the decision stand”. a reliance on precedents, or previous rulings, in formulating decisions in new cases
Stare Decisis
uncertainties in public opinion that arise from the imperfect connection between the wording of survey questions and the terms in which people understand and think about political objections.
Measurement error
the period after the civil war where the U.S. grappled with the question of how to integrate freed African Americans into social political and labor systems.
reconstruction
when one political party controls the executive branch and the other political party controls one or both houses of the legislature.
divided government
a period in American history from 1880-1920 that is associated with the reform of government and electoral institutions in an attempt to reduce corruption and weaken parties
progressive era
news that plays at all times
“24 hour news”
searching for and publicizing scandalous information about famous people in an underhanded way
Muckraking
a temporary joint committee of House and Senate appointed to reconcile the differences between the two chambers on a particular piece of legislation
Conference Committee
A presidential directive to an executive agency establishing new policies or indicating how an existing policy is to be carried out
Executive Order
a formally concluded and ratified agreement between two countries
Treaty
the supreme court ruled that the state’s ban on the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy
Griswold v. Connecticut
the supreme court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine
Plessy v. Ferguson
associate justice of the supreme court who supported the rights of black people, famous dissenter. had a role in Plessy v. Ferguson
John Marshall Harlan
U.S. Chief Justice, role in Marbury V. Madison which established judicial review
John Marshall
legislation that provides members of Congress with Federal projects and programs for their individual districts
Pork Barrel Legislation
the activity undertaken by members of Congress and their staffs to solve constituents’ problems with government agencies
Casework
tactic in senate to halt action on a bill. making long speeches until the majority retreats. senators have unlimited time to speak unless a cloture vote is passed
Filibuster
a published falsehood that is a defamation of someone’s character
Libel
forms of false and malicious information that damage another person’s reputation
Slander
the action of damaging the good reputation of someone; slander or libel
Defamation
a group of politicians who formed a faction within the Republican Party that lasted from the civil war into the era of reconstruction. they opposed slavery, and wanted emancipations and civil rights for black people
Radical Republicans
a person voting for candidates of different political parties then their own
Split-Ticket Voting
institutional bias that fundamentally favors the continuation of current public policy
Status Quo Bias
