Final Exam Study Set

Question 1

different journalists report on a story the same way because they talk to one another while reporting and they read from one another for validation.

Answer 1

Pack Journalism

Question 2

those opinions held by private persons which governments find it prudent to heed

Answer 2

Public opinion

Question 3

a coalition of people who seek to control the machinery of government by winning elections

Answer 3

Political parties

Question 4

strategically consequential information given to reporters on the condition that its source not be identified by name

Answer 4

Leak

Question 5

A government agency’s act to prohibit the publication of material or speech before the fact. courts prohibit this except under extraordinary conditions

Answer 5

Prior restraint

Question 6

drawing legislative districts in a way as to give one political party a disproportionately large share of seats for the share of votes its candidate wins

Answer 6

Gerrymander

Question 7

an act of sending a proposed piece of legislation to more than one committee in the same chamber

Answer 7

Multiple Referral

Question 8

the title given to the president by the constitution that denotes the president’s authority as the head of the national military

Answer 8

Commander-in-chief

Question 9

a procedure permitting a president to cancel amounts of new discretionary appropriations as well as new items of direct spending and certain limited tax benefits, unless congress disapproves by law within a specified period of time.

Answer 9

Line-Item Veto

Question 10

activities through which individuals, interest groups, and other institutions seek to influence public policy by persuading government officials to support their groups’ position

Answer 10

Lobbying

Question 11

a unanimous resolution in the senate restricting debate and limiting amendments to bills on the floor

Answer 11

Unanimous Consent Agreements

Question 12

an attempt by Roosevelt to remodel the federal judiciary. the purpose was to alleviate the overcrowding of federal court dockets by allowing the president to appoint an additional Supreme Court Justice for for every sitting justice over the age of 70.

Answer 12

Court-packing plan

Question 13

a system in which newly elected officeholders award government jobs to political supporters and members of the same political party.

Answer 13

Spoils system

Question 14

the authority of a court to declare legislative and executive acts unconstitutional and therefore invalid

Answer 14

Judicial review

Question 15

a series of laws enacted in the late nineteenth century by southern states to institute segregation, created “white only” public institutions and goods

Answer 15

Jim Crow Laws

Question 16

the simple proposition that an amendment must address the same subject as the matter being amended

Answer 16

Germaneness

Question 17

parliamentary procedure used to close debate, cuts off filibusters, 3/5 senators must vote for cloture to halt a filibuster except on presidential nominations to offices other than Supreme Court Justice.

Answer 17

Cloture

Question 18

inherent privacy protection for presidents as they formulate policy

Answer 18

Executive privilege

Question 19

“Let the decision stand”. a reliance on precedents, or previous rulings, in formulating decisions in new cases

Answer 19

Stare Decisis

Question 19

uncertainties in public opinion that arise from the imperfect connection between the wording of survey questions and the terms in which people understand and think about political objections.

Answer 19

Measurement error

Question 20

the period after the civil war where the U.S. grappled with the question of how to integrate freed African Americans into social political and labor systems.

Answer 20

reconstruction

Question 21

when one political party controls the executive branch and the other political party controls one or both houses of the legislature.

Answer 21

divided government

Question 22

a period in American history from 1880-1920 that is associated with the reform of government and electoral institutions in an attempt to reduce corruption and weaken parties

Answer 22

progressive era

Question 23

news that plays at all times

Answer 23

“24 hour news”

Question 24

searching for and publicizing scandalous information about famous people in an underhanded way

Answer 24

Muckraking

Question 25

a temporary joint committee of House and Senate appointed to reconcile the differences between the two chambers on a particular piece of legislation

Answer 25

Conference Committee

Question 26

A presidential directive to an executive agency establishing new policies or indicating how an existing policy is to be carried out

Answer 26

Executive Order

Question 27

a formally concluded and ratified agreement between two countries

Answer 27

Treaty

Question 28

the supreme court ruled that the state’s ban on the use of contraceptives violated the right to marital privacy

Answer 28

Griswold v. Connecticut

Question 29

the supreme court decision that upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation under the “separate but equal” doctrine

Answer 29

Plessy v. Ferguson

Question 30

associate justice of the supreme court who supported the rights of black people, famous dissenter. had a role in Plessy v. Ferguson

Answer 30

John Marshall Harlan

Question 31

U.S. Chief Justice, role in Marbury V. Madison which established judicial review

Answer 31

John Marshall

Question 32

legislation that provides members of Congress with Federal projects and programs for their individual districts

Answer 32

Pork Barrel Legislation

Question 33

the activity undertaken by members of Congress and their staffs to solve constituents’ problems with government agencies

Answer 33

Casework

Question 34

tactic in senate to halt action on a bill. making long speeches until the majority retreats. senators have unlimited time to speak unless a cloture vote is passed

Answer 34

Filibuster

Question 35

a published falsehood that is a defamation of someone’s character

Answer 35

Libel

Question 36

forms of false and malicious information that damage another person’s reputation

Answer 36

Slander

Question 37

the action of damaging the good reputation of someone; slander or libel

Answer 37

Defamation

Question 38

a group of politicians who formed a faction within the Republican Party that lasted from the civil war into the era of reconstruction. they opposed slavery, and wanted emancipations and civil rights for black people

Answer 38

Radical Republicans

Question 39

a person voting for candidates of different political parties then their own

Answer 39

Split-Ticket Voting

Question 40

institutional bias that fundamentally favors the continuation of current public policy

Answer 40

Status Quo Bias