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Public Speaking > Final Exam Study Guide Key Terms > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Key Terms Flashcards

0
Q

Manuscript Speech

A

An speech that is written out word for word and read to the audience.

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1
Q

Nonverbal Communication

A

Communication based on a person’s use of voice and body, rather than on the use of words.

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2
Q

Impromptu speech

A

A speech delivered with little or no immediate preparation.

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3
Q

Extemporaneous Speech

A

A carefully prepared and rehearsed speech that is presented from a brief set of notes.

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4
Q

Conversational Quality

A

Presenting a speech so it sounds spontaneous no matter how many times it has been rehearsed.

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5
Q

Volume

A

The loudness or softness of the speaker’s voice.

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6
Q

Pitch

A

The highness or lowness of the speaker’s voice.

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7
Q

Inflections

A

Changes in the pitch or tone of a speaker’s voice.

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8
Q

Monotone

A

A constant pitch or tone of voice

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9
Q

Rate

A

The speed at which a person speaks.

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10
Q

Pause

A

A momentary break in the vocal delivery of a speech.

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11
Q

Vocalized Pause

A

A pause that occurs when a speaker fills the silence between words with vocalizations such as “uh,” “er,” and “um.”

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12
Q

Vocal variety

A

Changes in the speaker’s rate, pitch, and volume that give the voice variety and expressiveness.

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13
Q

Pronunciation

A

The accepted standard of sound and rhythm for words in a given language.

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14
Q

Articulation

A

The physical production of particular speech sounds.

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15
Q

Dialect.

A

A variety of a language distinguished by variations of accent, grammar, or vocabulary.

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16
Q

Kinesics

A

The study of body motions as a systematic mode of communication.

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17
Q

Gestures

A

Motions of a speaker’s hands or arms during a speech.

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18
Q

Eye contact.

A

Direct visual contact with the eyes of another person.

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19
Q

Persuasion

A

The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions.

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20
Q

Mental dialogue with the audience.

A

The mental give-and-take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech.

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21
Q

Target audience.

A

The portion of the whole audience that the speaker most wants to persuade.

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22
Q

Question of fact

A

A question about the truth or falsity of an assertion.

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23
Q

Question of value

A

A question about the worth, rightness, morality, and so forth of an idea or action.

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24
Q

Question of policy

A

A question about whether a specific course of action should or should not be taken.

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25
Q

Speech to gain passive agreement

A

A persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience that a given policy is desirable without encouraging the audience to take action in support of the policy.

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26
Q

Speech to gain immediate action

A

A persuasive speech in which the speaker’s goal is to convince the audience to take an action in support of a given policy.

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27
Q

Need

A

The first basic issue in analyzing a question of policy; is there a serious problem or need that requires a change from current policy?

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28
Q

Burden of proof

A

The obligation facing a persuasive speaker to prove it that a change from current policy is necessary.

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29
Q

Plan

A

The second basic issue in analyzing a question of policy; if there is a problem with current policy, does the speaker have a plan to solve the problem?

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30
Q

Practicality

A

The third basic issue in analyzing a question of policy; will the speaker’s plan solve the problem? Will it create new and more serious problems?

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31
Q

Problem-solution order

A

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem.

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32
Q

Problem-cause-solution order

A

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which the first main point identifies a problem; the second main point analyzes the causes of the problem, and the third main point presents a solution to the problem

33
Q

Comparative advantages order

A

A method of organizing persuasive speeches in which each main point explains why a speaker’s solution to a problem is preferable to other proposed solutions.

34
Q

Monroe’s motivated sequence

A

A method of organizing persuasive speeches that seek immediate action. The five steps of the motivated sequence are attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, and action.

35
Q

Ethos

A

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as credibility.

36
Q

Credibility

A

The audience’s perception of whether a speaker is qualified to speak on a given topic. The two main factors influencing a speaker’s credibility are competence and character

37
Q

Initial credibility

A

The credibility of a speaker before he or she starts to speak.

38
Q

Derived credibility

A

The credibility of a speaker produced by everything she or he says and does during the speech.

39
Q

Terminal credibility

A

The credibility of a speaker at the end of the speech.

40
Q

Creating common ground

A

A technique In which a speaker connects himself or herself with the values, attitudes, it experiences of the audience.

41
Q

Evidence

A

Supporting materials used to prove or disprove something.

42
Q

Logos

A

The name used by Aristotle for the logical appeal of a speaker. The two major elements of logos are evidence and reasoning

43
Q

Reasoning

A

The process of drawing a conclusion on the basis of evidence.

44
Q

Reasoning from specific instances

A

Reasoning that moves from particular facts to a general conclusion

45
Q

Reasoning from principle

A

Reasoning that moves from a general principle to a specific conclusion

46
Q

Causal reasoning

A

Reasoning that seeks to establish the relationship between causes and effects.

47
Q

Analogical reasoning

A

Reasoning in which a speaker competes two similar cases and infers that what is true for the first case is also true for the second

48
Q

Fallacy

A

An error in reasoning

49
Q

Hasty generalization

A

A fallacy in which a speaker jumps to a general conclusion on the basis of insufficient evidence

50
Q

False cause

A

A fallacy in which a speaker mistakenly assumes that because one event follows another, the first event is the cause of the second

51
Q

Invalid analogy

A

An analogy in which the two cases being compared are not essentially alike.

52
Q

Bandwagon

A

A fallacy which assumes that because something is popular, it is therefore good, correct, or desirable.

53
Q

Red herring

A

A fallacy that introduces an irrelevant issue to divert attention from the subject under discussion.

54
Q

Ad hominem

A

A fallacy that attacks the person rather than dealing with the real issue in dispute.

55
Q

Either-or

A

A fallacy that forces listeners to choose between two alternatives when more than two alternatives exist.

56
Q

Slippery slope

A

A fallacy which assumes that taking a first step will lead to subsequent steps that cannot be prevented.

57
Q

Appeal to tradition

A

A fallacy which assumes that something old is automatically better than something new.

58
Q

Appeal to novelty

A

A fallacy which assumes that something new is automatically better than something old.

59
Q

Pathos

A

The name used by Aristotle for what modern students of communication refer to as emotional appeal.

60
Q

Chronological order

A

Main points follow a time pattern.

61
Q

Spatial order

A

Main points follow a directional pattern.

62
Q

Causal order

A

Main points show a cause-effect relationship

63
Q

Problem-solution order

A

First main point deals with the existence of a problem and the second main point presents a solution to the problem

64
Q

Topical order

A

Main points divide the topic into logical and consistent subtopics

65
Q

Introductions

A
  • get attention and interest of audience
  • reveal the topic of your speech
  • establish your credibility
  • preview the body of your speech
66
Q

Conclusion

A
  • to let the audience know you are ending the speech

- to reinforce the audience’s am understanding of the central idea.

67
Q

Preparation outline

A

A detailed outline developed during the process of speech preparation that includes the title, specific purpose, central idea, main points, subpoints, connectives, conclusion, and bibliography.

68
Q

Speaking outline

A

A brief outline used to jog a speaker’s memory during the presentation of a speech.

69
Q

Simile

A

Comparison with like or as

70
Q

Cliché

A

Overused expression

71
Q

Metaphor

A

Comparison without use of like or as

72
Q

Rhythm

A

Pattern of sound created by choice and arrangement of words.

73
Q

Parallelism

A

Similar arrangement of a pair or series of related words, phrases, or sentences.

74
Q

Repetition

A

Reiteration of the same word or set of words at the beginning or end of successive clauses or sentences.

75
Q

Alliterations

A

Repetition of the initial consonant sound.

76
Q

Antithesis

A

The juxtaposition of contrasting ideas, usually in parallel structure.

77
Q

Answering audience questions

A
  • have positive attitude
  • listen carefully
  • direct answers to entire audience
  • be honest and straightforward.
  • stay on track
78
Q

Preparing visual aids

A
  • prepare well in advance
  • keep simple
  • make sure they are large enough
  • use limited text.
  • use fonts effectively
  • use color effectively
  • use images strategically
79
Q

Guidelines for informative speaking

A
  • don’t over estimate what the audience knows
  • relate subject directly to the audience
  • don’t be too technical
  • avoid abstractions
  • personalize your ideas
  • be creative

Public Speaking (1 decks)

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