Final Exam Study Guide Answer Key Flashcards
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What event signaled the start of the middle ages
The fall of the Western Roman Empire
Which leader of the Franks was crowned Holy Roman Emperor in the
year 900 AD and is also considered the father of the French and
German monarchies?
Charlemagne, crowned in 800 AD, is called the father of the French and
German kings.
Concordat of Worms - Significance
In 1122, this agreement ended a fight between kings and the Church
about who could choose bishops.
Hundred Years’ War
A long war between England and France (1337–1453) over land and
power. It weakened feudalism in both countries
What event ended the Western Roman Empire?
In 476 AD, the Visigoths invaded Rome, and the last emperor, Romulus
Augustulus, gave up his throne.
Magna Carta
Signed in 1215, this document limited the power of the king and made
it clear that everyone, even the king, must follow the law.
Germanic Invasions
Germanic groups overthrew the last Roman emperor, in 476 A.D.,
marking the fall of the Western Roman Empire
What was the major effect of the Crusades?
The Crusades helped Europe trade more with the Middle East and
brought new ideas and goods
Heresy
Ideas that go against church teachings.
Feudalism
Political order in which nobles govern and protect people in return for
services.
.Battle of Tours
In 732, Muslim forces were stopped from moving further into Europe,
helping Christianity stay strong
Who invented the printing press?
Johannes Gutenberg invented the printing press around 1440
Why was the printing press an important invention during the Reformation?
It made it faster and easier to spread new ideas, like Martin Luther’s,
across Europe.
What was the first full-sized book to be printed using the printing
press?
The Gutenberg Bible.
How did Martin Luther protest the Catholic Church?
He nailed his 95 Theses to a church door in 1517 to challenge Church
practices
What were the 95 Theses about?
They were complaints about Church practices like selling indulgences
(paying for forgiveness).
Who was John Calvin, and what was his major teaching?
John Calvin was a Reformation leader who taught predestination, the
idea that God decides ahead of time who will be saved
Name the tensions between Catholics and Protestants during the
Reformation
There were wars, fights, and persecutions between Catholics and
Protestants, like the Thirty Years’ War.
What is excommunication?
Being kicked out of the Church and not allowed to participate in its
activities
Renaissance
Rebirth. A time of new ideas in art, learning, and science in Europe,
inspired by ancient Greek and Roman ideas.
Reformation
A religious movement that produced a new form of Christianity known
as Protestantism. A time when people, like Martin Luther, tried to
change the Catholic Church, leading to new Christian churches
Who was John Wycliffe?
An early Church reformer who translated the Bible into English and
criticized the Church for being too powerful.
Predestination
The belief that God already knows who will go to heaven.
Describe China’s trade policies in the 1500s.
China only let other countries trade in a few cities and controlled what
they could sell and buy.
How could foreign states trade with China?
They had to bow to the emperor and offer gifts to show respect.
uring the Columbian Exchange, what was the effect of the
encomienda system in Spanish colonies?
Native people were forced to work for Spanish landowners, often in
harsh conditions
Mercantilism
The idea that a country becomes strong by selling more than it buys
and collecting gold and silver.
Vasco da Gama
A Portuguese explorer who was the first European to sail all the way to
Asia.
Ferdinand Magellan
A sailor whose crew was the first to travel all the way around the world.
Zheng He
A Chinese explorer who led 7 big trade voyages for China in the 1400s.
.Jacques Cartier
A French explorer who explored Canada and the St. Lawrence River
Main reasons for European exploration in the 1400s and 1500s
Europeans wanted new trade routes, gold, spices, and to spread
Christianity
Absolutism and Enlightenment
What were European monarchs trying to do during the Age of
Absolutism?
Who had the Palace of Versailles built?
King Louis XIV of France
Why did they have the Palace of Versailles built?
To show off their power and to keep nobles under control
What is the Divine Right Theory?
The belief that kings get their power from God, so no one can question
them.
Why did Peter the Great move the capital city of Russia from Moscow
to St. Petersburg?
He wanted a modern city closer to Europe for trade and learning.
Which system of government is characterized by centralization of
power and rule by divine right?
Absolutism
What theory proposed a sun-centered universe?
Heliocentrism, the idea that the sun, not Earth, is at the center of the
universe.
What was a major concept the philosophers of the Enlightenment
promoted?
They believed in reason, freedom, and that governments should
protect people’s rights.
What argument did the Enlightenment philosophers make against
the belief in the divine right of kings?
They said governments should get their power from the people, not
from God.
Frederick the Great
A Prussian king who made his country stronger and believed in
Enlightenment ideas.
Thomas Jefferson
He wrote the Declaration of Independence and used ideas from
Enlightenment thinkers
John Locke
An Enlightenment thinker who said people have rights to life, liberty,
and property.
What did the English Bill of Rights of 1689 do?
It gave Parliament more power and took away some of the king’s
power in England`
Isaac Newton
A scientist who explained how gravity and motion work
According to Enlightenment philosophers, what should people do if
their government did not protect their rights?
They should change or overthrow the government to protect their
rights.
