Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards
What type of government was used before the Enlightenment?
Monarchy
What are the three largest effects of the Enlightenment?
Less religious outlook
Belief in Progress
Importance on the Individuals
What are the three Natural Rights?
Life
Liberty
Property
According to John Locke, what is a government’s main concern?
To protect the natural rights of its citizens
What different ideas were there about how to set up a government during the Enlightenment?
Voltaire – Democracy needed to have freedom of thought, expression, and religion
Montesquieu – separation of powers
Beccaria - Believed in ending capital punishment and torture. And argued that everyone has a right to a fast and fair trial in front of a jury
During the Dark Ages, whose happiness was the most important? Afterwards?
Kings and Queens, The common people
What is Mercantilism?
The policy of linking national security to national wealth. This made the English view the colonies as nothing more than money makers
What was the Stamp Act?
At attempt to make money by having a tax on all printed goods
Explain how the Enlightenment ideas inspired the American Revolution.
John Locke thought that a government was only supposed to be around to protect natural rights, and if it didn’t it should be overthrown. England was only trying to make itself richer, and wasn’t protecting our rights (the Navigation Acts, the Stamp Act, not allowed us to govern ourselves, forcing us to house their troops, etc.)
In what ways can you still see the impact of the Enlightenment on the United States government?
We have a government that focuses on protecting its citizens’ happiness. Voting rights, freedoms of speech religion, press, etc. 3 branches of government, trial by jury, no illegal search and seizure, capitalism.
Why was all of Europe scared of the French Revolution?
They were afraid that the French peasant uprising would inspire peasants in other countries, and revolt against their kings
How does the French Revolution provide an example of the dangers of democracy?
Democracy is not an easy government to type to run. This one let fear and ignorance overrule reason and education. Another thing it teaches is the danger of not protecting minority groups and people who have opposing views as the government.
What was life like before the Industrial Revolution?
Most people lived on small family farms, grew enough food to eat, most work was done by hand
What are two ways that the Agricultural Revolution helped to produce the Industrial Revolution?
Increased food production
Increased urban population
What are eight reasons that helped England industrialize?
Plenty of fuel for machines Natural Resources Rivers for transport Large harbors Stable Economy Stable Government Trade routes already established Large urban workforce without options or skills
What are 6 problems that the low wage workers faced in their HOUSING during the Industrial Revolution?
No building codes
No national free education
No police protection
Streets had no drains and were piled high with waste
Frequent disease outbreaks
No running water
Literally anything else that we’ve talked about
What are 7 short term changes that happened during the industrial revolution?
Lack of government rules Poor working and living conditions Factory owners grew richer Poor became even more poor No education for lower classes Disease Child Labor
What are five long term effects of Industrialization?
More individual wealth Better health and life expectancy Growth of a middle class Better education Building codes and business regulations enacted and enforced
What does laissez-faire mean?
Hands off
Whose hands does this mean, and what are they keeping off of?
Government’s hands off of the businesses
Who owns the businesses, resources, and make decisions in capitalism?
Individuals
At what scale is capitalism efficient?
Local factory or farm level
How does the “invisible hand” work?
The collective decisions of all consumers informs owners of what to make without the need for government involvement
Explain how capitalism rewards hard work and new ideas?
The harder you work, or the better your invention, the more money you will make
What book laid out the idea of Communism?
Communist Manifesto
According to Communism, how many classes did capitalism have, and what were they?
2, Haves and Have-nots (owners vs. workers, rich vs. poor )
Why and how would the lower classes take control, according to the Communist Manifesto?
They would rise up violently and kill the rich class when the conditions and wealth inequality were bad enough
In Communism, who owns the businesses?
government
What is the goal of Communism?
Equality
When is communism efficient?
At the national scale
What are two problems with Communist theories?
provides no rewards for working hard
not efficient at the local scale
What is imperialism?
The takeover of a country by a stronger one with the intent of dominating its social, political, and economic life
What were the problems that Europeans had in trying to conquer Africa before industrializing?
Terrain was impassable (mountains, deserts, etc)
Rivers were dangerous
Both sides had the same weapons
Malaria and other diseases
What inventions were created to that allowed the Europeans to take over Africa?
Railroads
Steamboats
Maxim Gun
Quinine
What was the purpose of the Berlin Conference?
To split up Africa without going to war with each other
What did Europeans consider when deciding which areas to claim?
Natural Resources
What did they ignore when carving up Africa?
Tribal boundaries and ethnic groupings
What were five negatives of imperialism in Africa?
Lost independence and were used for forced labor
Many people died from new diseases, resistance movements, and famine
Africans never got the economic benefit of its resources
Totally destroyed African leadership, and put nothing in place when Europeans left
Dividing lines between tribes torn apart some ethnic groups, forced enemies to become allies, and set up the modern problems in africa
Define Geopolitics?
An area is seen as important because its location has strategic value to another country
How did the US get involved in the Philippines?
We were fighting Spain in the Spanish American War, and the Philippines were a Spanish colony
What are the four M.A.I.N. causes of World War I?
Militarism, Alliance System, Imperialism, and Nationalism
What is militarism?
Countries’ focus on having giant, powerful militaries
How did the fighting in WWI differ from previous wars in Europe?
Militaries are MUCH larger
Weapons were far more advanced due to industrialization
Civilians were targeted (total war)
How did imperialism contribute to the start of WWI?
Germany wanted to get colonies, and England and France wanted to keep theirs. The winner would get control of all of them
What is nationalism?
Intense pride in your country
How did nationalism contribute to the start of WWI? (two ways)
Made countries feel superior and were sure they would win a war
Franz Ferdinand was assassinated in an attempt to free Bosnia from Austria-Hungary
What was the name of the terrorist organization that killed Franz Ferdinand?
The Black Hand
Why did Gavrilo Princip assassinate Ferdinand?
He was trying to free Bosnia from Austria-Hungary, and thought they would join with his native Serbia
Describe the basic plan for the Schlieffen Plan?
Germany would focus on beating France first, and then focus on Russia afterwards
Were the new weapons of war more defensive or offensive?
Defensive
Why were machine guns important?
They were so good at defending, they forced soldiers to dig trenches to keep from getting shot.
THIS IS WHAT CREATED STALEMATE AND TRENCH WARFARE
Why did the Russians make such big gains originally?
The Russians arrived earlier than the Germans expected, and caught the Germans by surprise. The German army was still in France when Russia invaded
What was the biggest problem with the Russian war effort?
They were constantly undersupplied
What reasons were there for the Russian soldiers to be undersupplied?
Russia hadn’t industrialized, and they weren’t able to have the allies ship them goods and weapons
