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ERTH 106 > Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

1
Q

What are contour lines

A

lines that indicate constant change of elevation

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2
Q

What is a Index Contour

A

labeled dot to show the change in elevation

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3
Q

What is a Contour Interval

A

increase or decrease in elevation

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4
Q

what do lines that are close mean

A

mountains, cliffs

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5
Q

What do lines that are spread out mean

A

valleys, slopes

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6
Q

what are the 3 dating techniques

A
  1. Relative Dating
  2. Correlative Dating
  3. Numerical Dating
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7
Q

What is Relative Dating

A

determines sequence in which rocks are formed

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8
Q

Limitation and advantages of Relative Dating

A

Limit: can not reveal how long ago: no numerical count
Advantage: can reveal relative age- most commonly used

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9
Q

What are Stenos Relative dating principles

A

different observations about rock layers
1. Principle of Superposition
2. Principle of original horizontality
3. Principle of lateral continuity
4. Principle of cross cutting relationship
5. Principle of Inclusions

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10
Q

What are Unconformities

A

where steno principles are violated

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11
Q

What is the principle of superposition

A

the oldest rock on the bottom, youngest on the top

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12
Q

what is the principle of original horizontality

A

sediments are generally deposited in horizontal positions- flat rocks

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13
Q

What is the principle of lateral continuity

A

sediments are extended in continuous layers until they thin out-

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14
Q

what is the principle of cross cutting relationships

A

cuts across the original rocks- either lines or faults

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15
Q

what is the principle of inclusions

A

rock fragments are older than what they are found in

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16
Q

What are the relative dating unconformities

A
  1. Disconformity
  2. Angular Disconformity
  3. Non Conformity
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17
Q

what is disconformity

A

parallel rock layers separated by an erosional plane

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18
Q

what is angular disconformity

A

inclined rock layer overlain by flatter rocks

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19
Q

what is non conformity

A

old metamorphic rock overlain by younger sedimentary rock

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20
Q

What is paleontology

A

the study of plants and fossils

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21
Q

what is a body fossil

A

in tack skeletal remain: best anatomical information

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21
Q

what is a per mineralization

A

underground water permeated in pore spaces- opalized animals part/ petrified wood

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22
Q

What are mold and casts

A

molds: voids left behind when buried remains are dissolved
casts: mineral/ rocks replica of organisms made from molds

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23
Q

what is carbonization

A

liquids, gases squeezed out in 2d images left behind

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24
Q

what are impressions

A

imprints left in rocks as remains are squeezed or destroyed

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25
Q

what are amber traps

A

insects getting trapped in tree sap

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26
Q

what are trace fossils

A

tracks, or burrows

27
Q

what is correlative dating

A

connections between rocks from different places: fossils—> connect to a period of time

28
Q

what are index fossils

A

used to establish ages of rocks

29
Q

what is numerical dating

A

looking at isotopes and seeing how long they been broken down

30
Q

What are the 2 large scale events: Econs

A
  1. Precambrian
  2. Phanerozoic
31
Q

What are the 3 mid scale eras

A
  1. Paleozoic: old life
  2. Mesozoic : middle life
    3.Cenozoic: new life
32
Q

What are the important events that took place in Paleozoic

A
  1. The Cambrian explosion: increased oxygen, start of predatory vs prey
  2. The Great dying started the end of Paleozoic era
33
Q

What is the great dying

A

the start of the mesozoic- 17% of species survived, largest extinction event

34
Q

What is the mesozoic era

A

dinosoruars, reptiles, marine recovery

35
Q

what is infiltration

A

The process by which water soaks into the ground

36
Q

what is bed load

A

The sediments in a river that move along the bottom

37
Q

what is POROSITY:

A

AMOUNT OF PORE SPACE FOR WATER TO ACCUMULATE

38
Q

what is Permeability:

A

ability for water to get to those pore spaces

39
Q

what are the 3 key greenhouse gases

A

carbon dioxide, methane, and nitrous oxide

40
Q

where is carbon found

A

in the burning of fossils fules: like cars

41
Q

where is methane found

A

shown through livestock and rice fields)(burps from cattle’s bacteria

42
Q

where is nitrous oxide

A

shown through fertilizers, nitrogen in fertilizer breaks down over time)

43
Q

what is the difference between weather and climate

A

Weather is short term, local atmospheric conditions
climate is long term: season/ months

44
Q

what is the most common gas in earths atmosphere

A

nitrogen

45
Q

Which gas reduces incoming ultraviolet radiation

A

ozone

46
Q

what is Proxy data

A

Proxy data is indirect evidence of past environmental condition

Examples: glacial ice, seafloor sediments and fossils, fossil pollen, tree ringsm and oxygen isotopes

47
Q

what is the Greenhouse effect

A

when the sun emits radiation(light plus heat), some radiation is reflected or emitted into space, some radiation gets absorbed and redistributed by greenhouse gases

48
Q

what are the Effects of climate change

A

Effects of climate change are warming oceans, sea level rise, extreme weather, suffering food and water supply, decline in public health, and climate inequity

49
Q

what happens whe. the ocean warms

A

Warming oceans result in habitat loss, redistribution, fishing disrupted, deoxygenation, and coral bleaching

50
Q

What can we do??

A

What can we do?? drive less, take bus, reduce hot water usage, switch to energy efficent appliances, use water bottles, reduce plastic consumption, reduce meat consumption, and avoid fast fashion

51
Q

Which model of the solar system puts the sun at the center?

A

heliocentric)

52
Q

is earth round

A

yes

53
Q

what is the Position relative to sun for terrestrial planets

A

( mercury 1, Venus 2, earth 3, mars 4)

54
Q

Position relative to sun for Jovian planets

A

Jupiter 5, Saturn 6, Uranus 7, Neptune 8)

55
Q

what is the Celestial sphere

A

earth sat in center of spheres

Spheres around the earth where the moon and sun rotate around the sun

Idea that stars were just light coming through holes through the outermost sphere

56
Q

what is the Ptolemaic model

A

Ptolemaic model

Epicycles(mathematical complex patterns that planets moved around in)(weird trajectories)

57
Q

what is the Copernican Model

A

Breakthrough using straightforward geometry and says that earth isnt in the center

58
Q

what is the difference between geocentrism vs heliocentrism

A

geocentric e earth is at the center of the universe, and the planets, the sun and the moon, and the stars circles around it.
heliocentric models consider the sun as the center, and the planets revolve around the sun.

59
Q

what are the driving forces of stars

A

gravity
* pulls matter in
thermal nuclear energy
* pushes matter out

60
Q

what is the big bang timeline

A

Big Bang Timeline
1 Second
* universe = 10,000,000,000,000° C
* quarks → protons, neutrons
3 Minutes
* universe = 100,000,000° C
* protons + neutrons → nuclei
* electrons form
~300,000 Years
* nuclei + electrons → atoms
* big clouds of gas

61
Q

What is Pedagogy:

A

Pedagogy: the theory or practice of education

62
Q

What are the NEXT GEN SCIENCE STANDARDS

A

PE’s - over-arching goals

DCI’s - science topics

CCC’s - recurring themes

SEP’s - skills introduced / refined (graphing & statistics)

63
Q

what is gamification

A

Gamification: the process of integrating game design elements and principles into non-game contexts, like education. The goal is to enhance engagement, motivation, and participation by making activities more enjoyable and interactive.

64
Q

what is blooms taxonomy

A

Bloom’s taxonomy: framework used to classify educational objectives and learning outcomes

1.Remember

2.Understand

3.Apply

4.Analyze

5.Evaluate

6.Create

65
Q
A

ERTH 106 (2 decks)

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