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Animal Conservation Bio > Final Exam Study Guide > Flashcards

Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

negative density dependence

A
  • can help pull a population towards an equilibrium size range
  • is stabilizing
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2
Q

causes of negative density dependence

A
  • intraspecific competition
  • disease
  • predation
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3
Q

carrying capacity

A
  • also known as K
  • when population is at K, r is approximately 0
  • it is a range, not a single range
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4
Q

positive density dependence

A
  • occurs when vital rates and/or population growth rate increase as density increases
  • destabilizing
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5
Q

at low numbers, positive density dependence is called…

A

the Allee effect

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6
Q

Allee effect

A

arise via small-population breakdowns in mating behaviors or the ability to find mates

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7
Q

biological mechanisms of the Allee effect

A

many of the famous Allee effects arise via small-population breakdowns in mating behaviors or the ability to find mates, or in the ability to collectively make necessary habitat modification or engage in successful cooperative feeding

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8
Q

biological mechanisms of the Allee effect : mating and caring for young

A
  • mate limitation
  • cooperative breeding
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9
Q

biological mechanisms of the Allee effect : foraging advantages

A
  • detection and access to food
  • cooperative feeding
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10
Q

biological mechanisms of the Allee effect : predator-method

A
  • predator detection/confusion/defense
  • others driven by how predation changes with prey numbers
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11
Q

genetic variation

A

the difference in the genetic makeup (DNA) of individuals or populations among the same species

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12
Q

why is genetic variation improtant?

A

important for survival and adaptation of a species as it helps in terms of natural selection and evolution

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13
Q

effective population size (Ne)

A

the number of individuals that effectively participates in producing the next generation

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14
Q

which is smaller, census size or effective size of a population?

A

effective size of a population

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15
Q

small Ne

A

bigger increase in genetic drift

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16
Q

when is Ne highest?

A

at equal breeding sex ratio

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17
Q

genetic drift

A

change in allele frequencies by chance

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18
Q

what does genetic drift cause?

A

a loss of genetic diversity

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19
Q

where is genetic drift most common?

A

in small populations

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20
Q

what does a population bottle neck lead to?

A

genetic drift

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21
Q

when does genetic drift occur?

A

occurs when an event drastically reduces population size

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22
Q

how to measure genetic drift?

A
  • depends on Ne
  • essentially the number of individuals in a population who contribute offspring to the next generation
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23
Q

gene flow

A

the movement of alleles between populations

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24
Q

when does gene flow occur?

A

occurs when individuals join new populations and reproduce

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25
Q

gene flow keeps…

A

keeps neighboring populations similiar

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26
Q

low gene flow

A

increases the chance that two populations will evolve into different species

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27
Q

inbreeding

A

loss of heterozygosity and increased expression of recessive homozygotes

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28
Q

F IS

A

inbreeding due to preferential mating with relatives

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29
Q

F ST

A
  • inbreeding due to genetic drift in a small population mating randomly
  • a measure of loss of heterozygosity
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30
Q

loss of heterozygosity =

A

increase in homozygosity

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31
Q

F ST range

A

0-1

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32
Q

F ST range = 0

A

no loss of heterozygosity

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33
Q

F ST range = 1

A

complete loss of heterozygosity

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34
Q

inbreeding depression

A

the loss of heterozygosity and expression of deleterious recessive alleles due to inbreeding disturbs vital rates

35
Q

example of inbreeding depression

A
  • births
  • deaths
36
Q

migration

A

movement of large numbers of one species from one place to another, often round trip

37
Q

dispersal

A

permanent movement away from population of origin to another population

38
Q

immigration

A

dispersal into a target population

39
Q

emigration

A

dispersal out of a target population

40
Q

one-migrant-per-generation (OMPG) rule

A
  • typically maintains genetic diversity
  • balances local adaptation
  • independent of population size
  • migrant has to have the same probability of breeding
41
Q

how to measure connectivity/dispersal

A
  • mark mark-recapture methods
  • radio telemetry
  • VHF & acoustic telemetry
  • satallite transmitters
  • genetic assignment test
42
Q

how to measure connectivity/dispersal: mark mark-recapture methods

A
  • great for tightly colonial species
  • great for heavily harvested species
  • need to know where to look for dispersing animals
43
Q

how to measure connectivity/dispersal: radio telemetry

A
  • mark animals with a radio transmitter
  • follow them
44
Q

different types of radio telemetry

A
  • VHF
  • acoustic
  • satellite
45
Q

how to measure connectivity/dispersal: VHF & acoustic telemetry

A
  • easier to find dispersers than CMR
  • limited by range of the transmitter
46
Q

VHF & acoustic telemetry: limited by range

A
  • which is limited by its size
  • aircraft and now drones can help search
  • freshwater & marine applications
47
Q

how to measure connectivity/dispersal: satellite transmitters

A
  • mark animals with transmitters
  • sit at your desk and let a satellite track them
  • good for broad scale movement but not always extremely accurate
  • expensive and relatively heavy
48
Q

how to measure connectivity/dispersal: genetic methods - assignment test

A

designed to directly detect individuals that disperse from their population of birth

49
Q

metapopulations

A

population of populations

50
Q

habitat occurs in ________ patches

A

discrete

51
Q

dispersal occurs ________ patches

A

between

52
Q

are all patches created equal?

A

no

53
Q

source population

A

serve as a net contributor to the metapopulation

54
Q

sink population

A

population that drains the metapopulation

55
Q

ecological/evolutionary traps

A
  • human created sink habitats
  • preferentially chosen over better habitats but far less suitable
56
Q

corridors

A
  • help restore connectivity
  • positive effects on BIDE components
  • bridge for Christmas Island Red Crabs
  • Trans-Canada Highway in Banff National Park
57
Q

translocation/reintroduction

A
  • help restore connectivity
  • human mediated physical translocation of animals may be required to avoid extinction
  • demographic rescue
  • population augmentation
  • reintroduction
58
Q

five categories of anthropogenic stressors

A
  • conversion of land and sea
  • overexploitation through harvest
  • invasive species
  • pollution
  • climate change
59
Q

three main types of responses to stressors

A
  • move to a more appropriate abiotic environment
  • locally adjust in place
  • head towards extinction as vital rates decrease
60
Q

distribution shifts

A
  • move
  • adjust
  • decrease
61
Q

distribution shifts: move

A

climate change-induced movements: poleward and/or higher in elevation

62
Q

distribution shifts: adjust

A

when faced with a tough challenge a species can deal with it aka adjust

63
Q

phenotypic plasticity

A
  • ability of individuals to change in response to their environment
  • occurs within an individuals lifetime
64
Q

evolution

A
  • changes in genes over generations, facilitated by natural selection
  • can occur fairly quickly
65
Q

connectivity

A

connectivity among populations may be as important as dynamics within component subpopulations

66
Q

Nt+1 = Nt + B + I - D -E

A

connectivity equation

67
Q

why is connectivity important?

A
  • persistence and fluctuation of populations
  • rescue effects
  • synchrony
68
Q

colonization of new sites

A

permits response to changing environmental conditions

69
Q

recolonization

A

increase persistence of suite of populations

70
Q

genetic rescue OMPG rule

A
  • at least one migrant individual. per generation is necessary to prevent significant divergence in allele frequencies among subpopulations
  • minimize the loss of heterozygosity that could lead to inbreeding depression allowing the local adaptation among subpopulations
71
Q

what caused the reduction in genetic diversity?

A
  • predation
  • habitat destruction
  • hunting
  • inbreeding
72
Q

goal of genetic rescue

A
  • introducing genetically diverse individuals into small, isolated populations with low genetic diversity
  • to restore species to full genetic health so they can thrive in the wild without further intervention
73
Q

genetic rescue aims to…

A

increase genetic diversity and minimize inbreeding to enhance the fitness and adaptability of populations

74
Q

how does genetic rescue occur?

A
  • occurs naturally
  • also facilitated to safeguard at-risk populations and enhance their ability to adapt to environmental changes
75
Q

genetic rescue

A

to increase a populations fitness by introducing new genetic variation

76
Q

species characteristics of higher extinction risk

A
  • lower abundance
  • restricted range/endemism
  • higher speciation
  • larger body size
  • longer generation time
  • shorter dispersal rate
  • higher human need
77
Q

3 stochastic factors that small populations are vulnerable to

A
  • demographic
  • environmental
  • genetic
78
Q

demographic stochasticity

A

mean vital rates are probabilistic

79
Q

environmental stochasticity

A

drives random changes in vital rates

80
Q

genetic stochasticity

A
  • arises from genetic drift
  • can lead to inbreeding depression)
81
Q

extinction vortex

A
  • human-caused deterministic stressors & stochastic stressors interact
  • make small populations smaller, eventually leading to their collapse
82
Q

The Minimum Viable Population (MVP) Concept

A
  • 50-500 rule, expressed in terms of the effective population size
  • not the best method
83
Q

MVP concept: short term

A

Ne ≥ 50 to minimize short-term loss of fitness due to inbreeding

84
Q

MVP concept: long term

A

Ne ≥ 500 to ensure long-term maintenance of genetic variation/preservation of evolutionary potential

Animal Conservation Bio (14 decks)

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