final exam study guide Flashcards
Anxiety over the prospect of giving a speech in front of an audience
stage fright
A hormone released into the bloodstream in response to physical or mental stress
positive nervousness
Mental imaging in which a speaker vividly pictures himself or herself giving a successful presentation
visualization
Focused, organized thinking about such things as the logical relationships among ideas, the soundness of evidence, and the differences between fact and opinion
critical thinking
The person who is presenting an oral message to a listener
speaker
Whatever a speaker communicates to someone else
message
The means by which a message is a communicated
channel
The person who receives the speaker’s message
listener
The message, usually nonverbal, sent from a listener to a speaker.
feedback
Anything that impedes the communication of a message. Interference can be external or internal to listeners
interference
The time and place in which speech communication occurs
situation
How is public speaking similar to everyday conversation?
In both public speaking and conversation, people organize their thoughts logically, tailor their message to the audience, tell a story for maximum impact, and adapt to feedback from listeners.
How is public speaking different from everyday conversation?
Public speaking is different in that it is more highly structured than ordinary conversation, requires more formal language, and requires a different method of delivery.
Why is it normal-even desirable-to be nervous at the start of a speech?
Your body releases adrenaline into the bloodstream which gives you energy and excitement.
How can you control your nervousness and make it work for you in your speeches?
Take a speech class, be thoroughly prepared, think positively, use the power of visualization, know that nervousness is usually not visible, and do not expect perfection.
What are the seven elements of the speech communication process?
Speaker, message, channel, listener, feedback, interference, and situation.
How do they interact to determine the success or failure of a speech?
The interaction of these seven elements determines the outcome in any instance of speech communication.
The vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
hearing
Paying close attention to, and making sense of, what we hear
listening
Listening for pleasure or enjoyment
appreciative listening
Listening to provide emotional support for a speaker
empathic listening
Listening to understand the message of a speaker
comprehensive listening
Listening to evaluate a message for purposes of accepting or rejecting it
critical listening
Giving undivided attention to a speaker in a genuine effort to understand the speaker’s point of view
active listening
What is the difference between hearing and listening?
Hearing- the vibration of sound waves on the eardrums and the firing of electrochemical impulses in the brain
Listening- paying close attention to and making sense of what we hear
How is listening connected with critical thinking?
When you’re trying to engage in critical listening, your mind and your ears are involved. When your mind isn’t involved, you’re most likely hearing, not listening.
Why is it important to develop strong listening skills?
Improving your listening skills can be helpful in every part of your life, including speech making.
What are the four main causes of poor listening? Speech-to-listening ratio
- Not concentrating
- Listening too hard
- Jumping to conclusions
- Focusing on the delivery and personal appearance
The major points developed in the body of a speech. Most speeches contain from two to five main points
main points
Why is it important that speeches be organized clearly and coherently?
Research shows that well-organized speeches are easier for listeners to comprehend and that listeners find speakers who give well-organized speeches more competent and trustworthy.
How many main points will your speeches usually contain?
Most speeches will contain 2-5 main points. 3 main points is the norm.
Why is it important to limit the number of main points in your speeches?
You do not have time in classroom speeches to develop more than five points and if you have too many main points, the audience will have trouble sorting them.
What are the five basic patterns of organizing main points in a speech?
-Chronological, Spatial, Causal, Problem-Solution, and Topical.
Which are appropriate for informative speeches?
-All speeches are appropriate for informative speeches.
Which is most appropriate for persuasive speeches? Which is used most often?
-Problem-Solution pattern is most appropriate for persuasive speeches.
-Topical is used most often.
What are three tips for preparing your main points?
A) Keep main points separate and distinct
B) Use parallel wording in your main points
C) Balance the amount of time devoted to each main point
A speech designed to convey knowledge and understanding
informative speech
The process of creating, reinforcing, or changing people’s beliefs or actions
persuasion
The mental give and take between speaker and listener during a persuasive speech
mental dialogue with the audience
What is the difference between an informative speech and a persuasive speech?
An informative speech is designed to convey knowledge and understanding, whereas persuasive speeches often deal with controversial topics that involved basic attitudes, values, and beliefs.
Why is speaking to persuade more challenging than speaking to inform?
-Some listeners are so committed to their own ideas that they cannot be persuaded to the speaker’s point of view.
What does it mean to say that audiences engage in a mental dialogue with the speaker as they listen to a speech?
As they listen, audience members assess the speaker’s credibility, delivery, supporting materials, and language. They may argue, inside their own minds, with the speaker.
What implications does this mental give-and-take hold for effective persuasive speaking?
-When preparing the speech, speakers try to put themselves in the place of the audience and imagine how they will respond.
What is the target audience for a persuasive speech?
The target audience is the part of the whole audience a speaker most wants to reach with his or her message.
Steps of the Monroe’s Motivated Sequence (321-322)
Attention, need, satisfaction, visualization, action.
Richard Greene: not a speech, but a what?, know the 6 major speakers and their tipping points, question asked in overcoming the fear, what does he tell the audience to do regarding giving a speech?
Public speaking is nothing more than having a heartfelt conversation
“whats your dharma?”
-“Today I consider myself the luckiest man on the face of the earth.” - Lou Gehrig
-“I would say to the House, as I said to those who have joined this government: “I have nothing to offer but blood, toil, tears and sweat.”” - Winston Churchill
“ask not what your country can do for you, ask what you can do for your country. —–All free men, wherever they may live are citizens of Berlin, and therefore, as a free man, I take pride in the words “Ich bin ein Berliner!”” - John F Kennedy
—-“I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character. I have a dream today!”- Dr. Martin Luther King
- Today I am an inquisitor. And hyperbole would not be fictional and would not overstate the solemnness that I feel right now. My faith in the Constitution is whole, it is complete, it is total. And I am not going to sit here and be an idle spectator to the diminution, the subversion, the destruction of the Constitution.”- Barbara Jordan
—-“Tonight is a particular honor for me because let’s face it. My presence on this stage is pretty unlikely”- Barack Obama
—-I’m not worried about anything; I’m not fearing any man. Mine eyes have seen the glory of the coming of the Lord.”- Martin Luther King Jr.
Julian Treasure: know what HAIL means, know one of the 7 deadly sins of speaking, what is the instrument we all play?, know the RASA acronym
honesty, authenticity, integrity, love
gossip, judging, negativity, complaining, excuses, exaggeration, dogmatism(confusion of facts with opinion)
Receive, Appreciate, Summarize, Ask Questions
Rory Sutherland: badge value/perceived Value, solution to potato problem, GK Chesterton quote
subjective value, intangible value of some kind
Because the potato had been rebranded and suddenly appeared valuable. Now, the potato itself hadn’t changed, but the way it was perceived had.
Daniel Cohen: three models of argument styles, what does Daniel Cohen say is his primary suggestion for making arguments yield something positive?, which model has deforming effects?
argument as war(dominant) deforming
arguing as proofs
arguing as performance
positive: exit strategies for arguments
Clint Smith:he said that he has four core principles posted on the board that sits in the front of his class. Know the four core principles.What does Smith say about silence?
read critically
write consciously
speak clearly
tell my truth
silence: its the residue of fear
Science of Persuasion: know one of the 6 Persuasive Shortcuts
Reciprocity, Scarcity, authority, consistency, liking and consensus
Apollo Robbins: know what he says about attention
attention steers our perception of reality
Michelle Golden: what does Golden say is supposed to happen when we give an elevator speech?
Focus on connecting and storytelling.
Dave Guin: what was his explanation as to why we fear public speaking?
The fear of the unknown, similar to the fear of the dark, is hardwired into our DNA
Celeste Headlee: what is the 10th and final rule she offers?
Be brief. [A good conversation is like a miniskirt; short enough to retain interest, but long enough to cover the subject.
