Final Exam Study Guide Flashcards
Bones of the lower extremity
spine, pelvis, femur, patella, tibia, fibula, calcaneus, tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges
Directional movements
- flexion/extension
- abduction/adduction
- inversion/eversion
- plantar flexion/dorsiflexion
Muscles/soft tissue structures
quadriceps, hamstrings, patellar tendon, IT band, gastrocnemius/soleus, achilles tendon, plantar fascia
Injury factors
- severity
- chronic vs acute
- type
Injury factors: severity
- mild (grade 1)
- moderate (grade 2)
- severe (grade 3)
Injury factors: type
- strain
- sprain
- fracture/stress fracture
- contusion/bursitis
- dislocation/subluxation
First aid/treatment for mild strains/sprains/tendinitis
- remove from play and apply R.I.C.E. principle
- monitor and refer to physician if symptoms and signs worsen or do not subside within a few days
First aid/treatment for moderate/severe sprains/strains/tendinitis
- remove from play and complete rest
- apply brace/sling/splint if needed
- monitor and treat for shock
- apply P.R.I.C.E. principle
- refer to physician
First aid/treatment for subluxations
- immobilize
- monitor and treat for shock
- check for neurovascular integrity (activate EMS if compromised)
- apply P.R.I.C.E. and refer to physician
First aid/treatment for dislocations
- activate EMS
- immobilize/stabilize in position found
- splint if needed
- do NOT reduce
- monitor and treat for shock
First aid for fracture
- if open fracture or neurovascular compromise, activate EMS
- stabilize proximal and distal to the injury site and splint
- monitor and treat for shock
- refer to physician
Return to participation requirements
- full strength, full ROM, full flexibility, pain free
- if seen by a physician, they must be cleared by that physician
Components of a knee sprain
- ligaments (ACL, PCL, MCL, LCL)
- grade 1: slight tear
- grade 2: moderate tear
- grade 3: complete tear
Ankle sprain
- inversion: sprained lateral ligaments
- eversion: sprained medial ligaments
- high (syndesmotic): sprained tibiofibular ligaments
Genu varum
knees go outward
Genu valgum
knees go inward
genu recurvatum
knees go back when standing
Q-angle
the angle formed between the quadriceps and patellar tendon
The Q-angle is higher in
women (18 degrees. men is 13 degrees)
Women’s increased Q-angle causes
pressure on the lower body
Pes cavus
high arch
- the supinator rolls to outside/lateral
Pes planus
flat footed
- the pronator rolls to inside/medial
Components of the female athlete triad
- low energy availability
- mental disturbance
- low bone mineral density
Low energy availability
- disordered eating
- restrictive eating
- not eating enough
Mental disturbance
- irregular periods
- amenorrhea
Low bone mineral density
- osteopenia
- osteoporosis
Abdominal strain
- rectus abdominus, transverse abdominus, internal/external oblique
Low back strain
- latissimus dorsi, internal/external oblique
Side stitch
- pain in the side typically due to running
Hip dislocation/subluxation
- head of the hip bone typically lies above the socket
- severe pain, tingling in leg and foot, sense of looseness, heard a pop
Hip pointer
- bruise on the iliac crest
Hip flexor strain
- tearing of one or more hip flexor muscles
- pain either in front side of groin or hip
- for wrapping, start on the inside of the thigh and wrap laterally
Hamstring strain
- partial tearing of one or more of the hamstring muscles
- obvious bruising
Quadriceps strain
- tearing of one or more of the quadriceps muscles
- obvious discoloration
Quadriceps contusion
- significant bleeding that leads to hematoma formation in the muscle
- presents with loss of ROM in knee flexion
- ## risk of myositis ossificans-
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Knee sprain
- ACL, MCL, LCL, PCL
- valgus (inward) vs varus (outward) force
- lachman’s test, varus stress test, posterior drawer test
Cartilage meniscus injury
- caused by compression, twisting/torsion, knee bent to an extreme
- knee locks up or gives out, pain along joint line
- cannot fully bend/straighten knee, delayed swelling, locked knee, limping
Chondromalacia patella (runner’s knee)
- cartilage under the patella softens or breaks down
Patella dislocation/subluxation
- patella leaves its groove
- usually laterally
Patellar tendinitis (jumper’s knee)
- patellar tendon inflamed
IT band strain
- tearing of the IT band
- usually a snapping feeling when moving
Medial ankle sprain
- eversion ankle sprain, ankle rolled outward
Lateral ankle sprain
- inversion ankle sprain, ankle rolled inward
High ankle sprain
- tearing of the tibiofibular ligament
- twisting or rotational injury
Lower leg fracture
- caused by twisting/torsion/compression/direct blow
- break in the tibia or fibula
Compartment syndrome
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Heel contusion
- bruise on the heel pad of the foot from hard hits
Medial tibial stress syndrome
- shin splints
- pain localized to the distal portion of the medial shin
Achilles tendinitis
- inflammation of the achilles tendon
- possible pronation/supination when standing normally
Plantar fasciitis
- inflamed plantar fascia at the heel
- intense pain in the morning with the first couple steps
Turf toe
- tear in the joint capsule of the MTP joint on the big toe
- caused by forced extension
Lacerations
- usually around the eye, forehead, chin, nose, or scalp
- caused by a direct blow or contact
- rapid bleeding, possible swelling, bruising
- pain
- if the wound gapes open or there is disfiguration then refer to a physician
- athlete may return if bleeding stops and there is no disfiguration
Eye contusion
- direct blow
- blood pooling in the iris, deformity, restricted eye movement, unequal eye movement
- ## blind spot, double vision, floating spots, blurred vision-
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Embedded object in eye
- puncture with object/splinter
- blood pooling in iris, cut to cornea, irregularly shaped iris/pupil
- ## pain, burning-
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Embedded object in eye
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Orbital fracture
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Bloody nose (epistaxis)
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Nasal fracture
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Maxilla fracture
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Zygomatic fracture
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Mandible fracture
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Dislocated tooth
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Ear contusion/cauliflower ear
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eye protection can
significantly reduce the risk of eye injuries
Eyewear should be
- polycarbonate lenses
- able to stop objects at 140 mph
- deflect objects with 1,200 pounds of force
Anatomy of the eye
sclera, conjunctiva, iris, pupil, cornea, orbit
Identifying features of skin problems?
Contagious vs non-contagious?
Viral/fungal/bacterial?
Contagious skin problems
- molluscum contagiosum
- wart (common vs plantar)
- herpes simplex 1
- tinea corporis
- tinea pedis
- tinea curis
- methicillin resistant staphylococcus aureus
Non-contagious skins problems
- blisters
- subungual hematoma
- ingrown toe nail
- abrasion
- boils
- poisonous plant reaction
Early signs of an infection
pus, fever, red streaking from the area, abnormally elevated pain
Best way to prevent contagious skin conditions
wash hands with soap and water
Other ways to prevent the spread of contagious skin conditions
- discourage wearing soiled/damp practice clothes
- encourage showers immediately after activity
- regularly clean equipment
Two main implications to adopting a biopsychosocial approach to understanding sport injury
- the occurrence of sport injury is influenced by interactions between biological, psychological, and social variables
- sport injury can affect not only physical functioning but also psychological and social functioning
Biopsychosocial model
Psychological
behaviors, emotions, belief, perceptions, expectations
Social
economics, education, family, work, leisure
Biological
strength, pathology, movement, tissue tolerance
