Final Exam - Study Flash Cards
1.1 Arts and Culture
Civilization; Rome
a) Describe some examples of art in this civilizations. (5 points)
In the ancient Roman civilization, art included sculpting that was influenced by Greek art but evolved into its own unique style that focused on realism and was made from bronze and marble. Mosaics that were made from coloured stones, glass, and pottery depicted detailed scenes from mythology and nature. It also included architects, such as the Colosseum that showcased Roman engineering with its grand arches and columns.
1.1 Art of culture
Civilization; Rome
b) What are some important events that are celebrated in this culture? (5 points)
b) What are some important events that are celebrated in this culture? (5 points)
In ancient Roman culture, they celebrated many significant events such as Saturnalia. Which was celebrated in December and is Rome’s most popular festival. This event includes singing, music, and role reversals between slaves and masters. Gladiatorial games was also another event that was celebrated, which is where gladiators fought to entertain crowds in the Colosseum. Which served as a major form of entertainment during ancient Rome. ,
1.2 Organized Commerce
Civilization; Ancient Egypt
a) What are some primary jobs or main sources of incomes in these civilizations? (5 points)
In ancient Egypt, the primary jobs included farming, which was the backbone of the economy as it was common, as the Nile River provided fertile land for crops like wheat, barley, and flax. Artisans and craftsmen were also essential, creating goods such as furniture, tools, and pottery that were traded or sold. Another main source of income was scribes, who held important roles in writing and keeping records for the government and temples.
1.2 Organized Commerce
Civilization; Ancient Egypt
b) How do individuals purchase goods (currency or through trade)? (5 points)
During ancient Egypt, there wasn’t a form of currency so Egyptians had to engage in bartering. In which Egyptians would trade products in exchange for goods or services. An example would be how farmers would trade crops for tools, weapons, or other necessities, while artisans and craftsmen might offer their services in exhange for food and materials. Since there wasn’t a currency, the value of goods was often based on their utility, rarity, and labor involved in their production.
1.3 Organized Religion
Civilization: Ancient Egypt
a) What are the major religions recognized in this culture.
In ancient Egypt, the major religion was polytheistic, as Egyptians worshipped numerous gods and goddesses. These deities were associated with aspects of life and beliefs of the afterlife. It told them how to live their lives, how they treated each other, and how their souls would journey to the underworld to be judged by Orisis. Which is one of the many gods in their religion, other examples would include Ra, the sun god and king of gods, Isis, the goddess of magic, motherhood, and fertility, and Horus, the sky god. These gods were worshipped through rituals, temples, and offerings.
1.4 Central Government
Civilization;
a) What type of government does this culture have? ( 5 points)
The Roman government originally began as a monarchy but transitioned into a republic. During the Republic, elected officials like consuls and the Senate, which was composed of patricians, played a key role in governance. The Republic also featured popular assemblies where citizens could vote on laws and elect magistrates. In 27 BCE, Rome became an empire under Augustus, with the emperor holding supreme authority over the military, legal system, and governance, while the Senate’s power was greatly reduced.
1.4 Central Government
Civilization:
c) Is there a mandatory education system in this civilization? ( 5 points)
In ancient Rome, there was no mandatory education system. Education was primarily the responsibility of families, often provided by private tutors or small private schools. Wealthy boys received extensive education in literature, philosophy, and rhetoric to prepare for careers in law, politics, or public speaking. Girls and children from less affluent families received less formal education, focusing more on domestic skills.
1.4 Central Government
Civilization:
b) What are some types of laws that are implemented for the cultures to stay in order.
In Rome, they implemented various laws to maintain order and stability. This included the Twelve Tables, which covered property rights, inheritance, family law, and contracts. Criminal laws, that addressed offences like theft and murder, with punishments that ranged from fines to severe penalties. Military services law, which required citizens to serve in the army.
1.5 Knowledge transfer/writing
Civilization:
a) How is/was information and knowledge passed on to new generations or is there a way to access the information? ( 5 points)
In the Shang Dynasty, information and knowledge were passed down through oracle bone inscriptions and oral traditions. Oracle bone inscriptions, one of the earliest forms of Chinese writing, played a crucial role in documenting important matters by carving questions, events, and records into turtle shells or ox shoulder bones. Additionally, elders shared knowledge with younger generations through teachings and stories.
1.5 Knowledge transfer/writing
Civilization:
b) Are there any popular legends, stories, or individuals in the history of these civilizations? ( 5 points)
A popular story from the Shang Dynasty is the tale of oracle bones. Shang people believed that inscribing questions about important matters like weather, harvests, and military endeavours on turtle shells or ox bones and then heating them, until they cracked, would provide answers through the crack patterns. Another notable legend is about Yu the Great, who tamed the Yellow River by creating a system of canals and dikes, transforming the surrounding land into fertile fields.
1.6 Public works
Civilizations: Ancient Egypt
a) What things have been built to help people? ( 5 points)
In ancient Egypt, although pyramids and temples were mainly built for religious purposes, their construction provided employment and a source of income for Egyptians. Temples also acted as places of healing, offering medicine and treatments to the sick. Additionally, the Egyptians built an irrigation system that included canals and basins, harnessing the flooding of the Nile River. This system improved agriculture by allowing them to control water distribution. They also constrcuted roads to faciliate trades and transportation.
1.6 Public works
Civilizations: Ancient Egypt
b) How are cities and towns protected? ( 5 points)
Egyptian cities built walls with mud bricks that fully surrounded the cities, providing defence and protection from invaders and safeguarding the inhabitants. Additionally, ancient Egypt had fortresses built along its borders to guard against foreign invasions and protect trade routes.
How are cities and to
1.6 Public works
Civilizations: Ancient Egypt
c)How are cities and towns maintained? (5 points)
In Ancient Egypt, the government conducted regular inspections of public infrastructure. Furthermore, Egypt had a labour system that required citizens to contribute labour for public projects, including the maintenance of roads, temples, and irrigation systems.They also had a specialized workforce that were employed to clean streets and public areas.
1.7 Technological Innovation
Civilizations; Ancient Rome
a) List 2 technologies/innovations that helped make life better in this culture. (5 points)
Firstly, the Romans built aqueducts, canal-like stone structures that transported fresh water from distant sources into cities and the countryside. This technology greatly improved life in Rome by providing a reliable supply of clean water for drinking, bathing, and irrigation. Secondly, the Romans constructed an extensive network of roads that connected many parts of the Roman Empire. These roads improved the movement of armies, trade goods, and information.
1.8 Social Structure
Civilization:
a) What are/were the social classes of your culture? ( 5 points)
In ancient Egypt, society was organized into a hierarchical structure with six distinct that formed a social pyramid. At the top of the pyramid was the pharaoh, who was considered both the king and a god, that held absolute control over the land and its people. Below the pharaoh were the priests, and nobles. Nobles held high positions in the government and military, while priests played crucial roles in religion. Scribes and officials below the priests and nobles made another important class, this class took responsibility for record-keeping, administration, and communication. The middle class, which was comprised of artisans, craftsmen, and merchants contributed to the economy as they produced goods and traded in markets. The lower class, which was the largest consisted of peasants and farmers, who worked the land to produce food and raw materials. At the bottom of the hierarchy were slaves, often prisoners of war or individuals of dept who performed manual labour and served in households.
