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GNED 1101 > Final Exam Shit > Flashcards

Final Exam Shit Flashcards

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1
Q

Science

A 
systematic approach
organizes knowledge of the physical world (universe) in the form of 
-expectations
-predictions
that can be tested
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2
Q

Contemporary Science

A

Natural Sciences
Social Sciences
Formal Sciences

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3
Q

Natural Sciences

A

study of natural phenomena (chem, bio, physics, geology)

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4
Q

Social Sciences

A

Psychology, sociology, human geography

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5
Q

Mathematics

A

objective and systematic approach (similat to science)

Relies on priori (theory) rather than empirical methods

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6
Q

How are science and math similar

A
  1. researchers separate the knowns and the unknowns at each stage of discovery
  2. models must be consistent and capable of disproof
  3. their work can inspire each other
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7
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Understanding- characterization from experience and observation
  2. Analysis- hypothesis (proposed explanation)
  3. Synthesis- deduction (prediction of hypothesis)
  4. Review/Extend- test and experiment
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8
Q

High Confidence Science

A 
Repeatable 
Directly Measurable and Accurate Results
Prospective, interventional study
Avoids bias
Avoids Assumptions
Sober judgement of results
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9
Q

How to read/review a scientific journal

A

skim article
reread article more carefully
read “materials and methods” and “results” sections multiple times

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10
Q

Investigative Questions (when looking a journals)

A 
What did the author do?
Why did the author conduct research?
How did they research?
What did they find out?
What do the findings means?
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11
Q

Quantative Reasoning

A

Combines basic math skills with the ability to approach problems in a critical and analytical way

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12
Q

Logical Argument

me @ all my friends

A

arguments use a set of FACTS or ASSUMPTIONS called PREMISES to support a CONCLUSION

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13
Q

Arguments fail because of

A

fallcies

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14
Q

Fallacy

A

error in reasoning

ex. the fact that you think im gonna kiss you ;)

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15
Q

Appeal to Majority

A

many people believe this is true therefore it is true

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16
Q

False Cause

A

A came before B, therefore A caused B

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17
Q

Appeal to ignorance

A

lack of knowledge

there is no proof that X is true, therefore X is false.

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18
Q

Hasty Generalization

A

A and B have been linked a few times, therefore A always causes B (or visa versa)

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19
Q

Limited Choice

A

purposefully leaves out choices that couldve been considered

A is false therefore only B can be true

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20
Q

Appeal to emotion

A

Premise is a associated with a positive emotional response, so it must be true

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21
Q

Personal attack

aka.
Steven @ Kathryn :’(

A

“I have a problem with the people/ group proclaiming X, therefore X is not true.”

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22
Q

Circular Reasoning

A

Premise and conclusion say the same thing

ex. Society has an obligation to ensure food security because secure access to food is a right to those of society.”

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23
Q

Building block of arguments are____.

Whats the structure of ____.

A

A) Propositions (p) = a claim that may or may not be true
ex. Stephen does anal on fridays.
B) Propositions have the structure of a complete sentence and must make a complete assertion or denial

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24
Q

Negation (not p)

A

Are considered propositions because they are complete sentences.
If a propsition is true then the negation is false and visa versa

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25
Logical Connectors
and, if...then, or | join two propositions
26
Logical Equivalence
Two statements share the same truth values: if one is true, so is the other, and if one is false, so is the other
27
Conditional Proposition
if P then Q if....then.... if you are eating then you are breathing
28
Converse Proposition
if Q then P | if you are breathing then you are eating
29
Inverse propostionve
if NOT P then NOT Q | if you are not eating then you are not breathing
30
Contrapositive
if NOT Q then NOT P | if you are not breathing then you are not eating
31
Set
collection of objects individual objects are members of a set written within { }
32
Categorical Propositions | what does it contain?
Claim a relationship between two sets. One set is the subject of the sentence (S) and the other is the predicate (P) ex. no S are P no legumes are cereals
33
Arguments have two basic forms:
1. Inductive | 2. Deductive
34
Inductive Argument
makes a case for a general coclusion from more specific premises Cannot prove its conclusions are true, so it must be evaluated in terms of strengths. Strong iductive argument shows that its conclusion is probably true
35
Deductive Argument
makes a case for a specific conclusion from more generak premises. analyzed on terms of validity and soundness.
36
Unit analysis
the technique of working with units to help solve problems
37
adding fractions multiplying division
adding- find common denominator multiplying- multiply top by top, bottom by bottom division- multiply by reciprocal
38
"kilowatts-hour" indicates what operation
HYPHENS indicate multiplication
39
m, kg, s, L | indicate which unit system
metric
40
0K= ___ Celsius
0K= -273.15 Celsius | aka absolute zero
41
Celsius to F equation
F = 1.8C + 32
42
F to Celsius equation
C = (F - 32) / 1.8
43
Four Step Problem Solving Process
1. Understand the problem 2. Devise a strategy for solving the problem 3. Carry out your strategy and revise if necessary 4. Check, interpret and explain result
44
Three ways of using percentages
1. Express a fraction of a total 10. 5/100 = 10.5% 2. Described a change 50% increase in corn sales over the past three years 3. Comparison Barley costs 4.55% more than wheat
45
absolute change
describes actual increase or decrease from a reference value to a new value absolute change = new value - reference value
46
relative change
size of the absolute change in comparison to the reference value can be expressed as percentage relative change = new value - reference value/ reference value x 100%
47
absolute difference
actual difference between the compared value and the reference value absolute difference= compared value - reference value
48
relative difference
size of the absolute difference in comparison to the reference value and can be expressed as percentage
49
percentage points
refers to ABSOLUTE change or difference
50
% sign indicates:
indicates RELATIVE change or difference
51
scientific notation
best for large numbers number between 1-10 multiplied by a power of 10 3042= 3.042 x 10^3
52
Problem solving perspectives
1. Estimation 2. Comparison 3. Scaling
53
order of magnitude
estimating within a broad range of values | "in the tens of thousands" or "in the millions"
54
Dealing with uncertainty ("am i gay :O" - Stephen S. 2k17) -Significant digits
Sig Digs the digits in the number that represent actual measurements
55
Types of Errors | aka. kathryns birth :/
1. Random (kathryn) 2. Systematic 3. Absolute 4. Relative
56
systematic error
problem in the measurement system that affects all the measurements in the same way (all too high, or all too low)
57
absolute error
how far the measured value falls from the true value absolute error = measured value - true value
58
relative error
size of the absolute error to the true value. often expressed as a percentage relative error = measured value - true value / true value x 100%
59
accuracy
how closely a measurement approximates a true value
60
precision
the amount of detail in a measurement
61
Combining Measured Numbers - Addition/ Subtraction - Multiplication/ Division
Add/ Sub- round to the same precision as least precise (??) Mult/ Div- round to the lowest number of sig digs
62
Subjective (purposeful) sampling
non-random
63
Simple random sampling
chose a sample of items in such a way that every sample has an equal chance of being selected
64
Systematic Sampling
using a sampling system such as selecting every 10th or 50th member of a population
65
Stratified (Stratified Random) Sampling
method of sampling when researcher is concerned about differences among subgroups or strata(?) within a population
66
treatment group
group who receive treatment being testes
67
control group
do not receive treatment being testes
68
margin of error
used to describe a confidence interval that is likely to contain the true population parameter
69
confidence interval
add and subtract margin of error from the sample statistic ex. statistic = 76% margin of error = 3% Confidence interval ranges from 73% and 79%
70
nominal text
text variables that are for categorial variables which have text representation and NO meaningful numeric value ex. variable- gender with the values Male or Female ** triggered >:( ***
71
nominal variables
categorial variables which have numeric value
72
ordinal variables
like nominal variables, except the values have a specific order ex. scale where 1= strongly agree and 5= strongly disagree
73
continuous variables
variables exist on a continuous scale | ex. height, weight
74
relative frequency
the fraction of the data values that fall in that category relative frequency = frequency in category / total frequency
75
cumulative frequency
number of data values in that category and all preceding categories
76
two ways to present data (visually)
1. Tables | 2. Graphs
77
maximum
the maximum value in a set
78
median
the middle value when the values are placed in numerical order ex. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 median=3
79
mean
average
80
mode
the value or set of values that occur most frequently
81
central limit theorem
a mathematical theorem that states that the distribution of proportions from many samples of the same size is approximately a normal distribution (referred to the sampling distribution)
82
percentile
is the percentage of all data values in a data set that are less than or equal to it
83
null hypothesis
It is often the value expected in the case of no special effect
84
alternate hypothesis
is the claim that is accepted if the null hypothesis is rejected
85
Interpretation - Type I Error - Type II Error
Type I- when we reject the null hypothesis when its true Type II- when we accept the null hypothesis when its false

GNED 1101 (1 decks)

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