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GNED 1101 > Final Exam Shit > Flashcards

Final Exam Shit Flashcards

1
Q

Science

A 
systematic approach
organizes knowledge of the physical world (universe) in the form of 
-expectations
-predictions
that can be tested
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2
Q

Contemporary Science

A

Natural Sciences
Social Sciences
Formal Sciences

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3
Q

Natural Sciences

A

study of natural phenomena (chem, bio, physics, geology)

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4
Q

Social Sciences

A

Psychology, sociology, human geography

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5
Q

Mathematics

A

objective and systematic approach (similat to science)

Relies on priori (theory) rather than empirical methods

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6
Q

How are science and math similar

A
  1. researchers separate the knowns and the unknowns at each stage of discovery
  2. models must be consistent and capable of disproof
  3. their work can inspire each other
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7
Q

Scientific Method

A
  1. Understanding- characterization from experience and observation
  2. Analysis- hypothesis (proposed explanation)
  3. Synthesis- deduction (prediction of hypothesis)
  4. Review/Extend- test and experiment
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8
Q

High Confidence Science

A 
Repeatable 
Directly Measurable and Accurate Results
Prospective, interventional study
Avoids bias
Avoids Assumptions
Sober judgement of results
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9
Q

How to read/review a scientific journal

A

skim article
reread article more carefully
read “materials and methods” and “results” sections multiple times

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10
Q

Investigative Questions (when looking a journals)

A 
What did the author do?
Why did the author conduct research?
How did they research?
What did they find out?
What do the findings means?
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11
Q

Quantative Reasoning

A

Combines basic math skills with the ability to approach problems in a critical and analytical way

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12
Q

Logical Argument

me @ all my friends

A

arguments use a set of FACTS or ASSUMPTIONS called PREMISES to support a CONCLUSION

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13
Q

Arguments fail because of

A

fallcies

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14
Q

Fallacy

A

error in reasoning

ex. the fact that you think im gonna kiss you ;)

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15
Q

Appeal to Majority

A

many people believe this is true therefore it is true

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16
Q

False Cause

A

A came before B, therefore A caused B

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17
Q

Appeal to ignorance

A

lack of knowledge

there is no proof that X is true, therefore X is false.

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18
Q

Hasty Generalization

A

A and B have been linked a few times, therefore A always causes B (or visa versa)

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19
Q

Limited Choice

A

purposefully leaves out choices that couldve been considered

A is false therefore only B can be true

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20
Q

Appeal to emotion

A

Premise is a associated with a positive emotional response, so it must be true

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21
Q

Personal attack

aka.
Steven @ Kathryn :’(

A

“I have a problem with the people/ group proclaiming X, therefore X is not true.”

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22
Q

Circular Reasoning

A

Premise and conclusion say the same thing

ex. Society has an obligation to ensure food security because secure access to food is a right to those of society.”

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23
Q

Building block of arguments are____.

Whats the structure of ____.

A

A) Propositions (p) = a claim that may or may not be true
ex. Stephen does anal on fridays.
B) Propositions have the structure of a complete sentence and must make a complete assertion or denial

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24
Q

Negation (not p)

A

Are considered propositions because they are complete sentences.
If a propsition is true then the negation is false and visa versa

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25
Q

Logical Connectors

A

and, if…then, or

join two propositions

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26
Q

Logical Equivalence

A

Two statements share the same truth values: if one is true, so is the other, and if one is false, so is the other

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27
Q

Conditional Proposition

A

if P then Q
if….then….
if you are eating then you are breathing

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28
Q

Converse Proposition

A

if Q then P

if you are breathing then you are eating

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29
Q

Inverse propostionve

A

if NOT P then NOT Q

if you are not eating then you are not breathing

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30
Q

Contrapositive

A

if NOT Q then NOT P

if you are not breathing then you are not eating

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31
Q

Set

A

collection of objects
individual objects are members of a set
written within { }

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32
Q

Categorical Propositions

what does it contain?

A

Claim a relationship between two sets.
One set is the subject of the sentence (S) and the other is the predicate (P)

ex. no S are P
no legumes are cereals

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33
Q

Arguments have two basic forms:

A
  1. Inductive

2. Deductive

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34
Q

Inductive Argument

A

makes a case for a general coclusion from more specific premises
Cannot prove its conclusions are true, so it must be evaluated in terms of strengths.
Strong iductive argument shows that its conclusion is probably true

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35
Q

Deductive Argument

A

makes a case for a specific conclusion from more generak premises.
analyzed on terms of validity and soundness.

36
Q

Unit analysis

A

the technique of working with units to help solve problems

37
Q

adding fractions
multiplying
division

A

adding- find common denominator

multiplying- multiply top by top, bottom by bottom

division- multiply by reciprocal

38
Q

“kilowatts-hour” indicates what operation

A

HYPHENS indicate multiplication

39
Q

m, kg, s, L

indicate which unit system

A

metric

40
Q

0K= ___ Celsius

A

0K= -273.15 Celsius

aka absolute zero

41
Q

Celsius to F equation

A

F = 1.8C + 32

42
Q

F to Celsius equation

A

C = (F - 32) / 1.8

43
Q

Four Step Problem Solving Process

A
  1. Understand the problem
  2. Devise a strategy for solving the problem
  3. Carry out your strategy and revise if necessary
  4. Check, interpret and explain result
44
Q

Three ways of using percentages

A
  1. Express a fraction of a total
  2. 5/100 = 10.5%
  3. Described a change
    50% increase in corn sales over the past three years
  4. Comparison
    Barley costs 4.55% more than wheat
45
Q

absolute change

A

describes actual increase or decrease from a reference value to a new value

absolute change = new value - reference value

46
Q

relative change

A

size of the absolute change in comparison to the reference value can be expressed as percentage

relative change = new value - reference value/ reference value x 100%

47
Q

absolute difference

A

actual difference between the compared value and the reference value

absolute difference= compared value - reference value

48
Q

relative difference

A

size of the absolute difference in comparison to the reference value and can be expressed as percentage

49
Q

percentage points

A

refers to ABSOLUTE change or difference

50
Q

% sign indicates:

A

indicates RELATIVE change or difference

51
Q

scientific notation

A

best for large numbers
number between 1-10 multiplied by a power of 10

3042= 3.042 x 10^3

52
Q

Problem solving perspectives

A
  1. Estimation
  2. Comparison
  3. Scaling
53
Q

order of magnitude

A

estimating within a broad range of values

“in the tens of thousands” or “in the millions”

54
Q

Dealing with uncertainty
(“am i gay :O” - Stephen S. 2k17)

-Significant digits

A

Sig Digs

the digits in the number that represent actual measurements

55
Q

Types of Errors

aka. kathryns birth :/

A
  1. Random (kathryn)
  2. Systematic
  3. Absolute
  4. Relative
56
Q

systematic error

A

problem in the measurement system that affects all the measurements in the same way (all too high, or all too low)

57
Q

absolute error

A

how far the measured value falls from the true value

absolute error = measured value - true value

58
Q

relative error

A

size of the absolute error to the true value. often expressed as a percentage

relative error = measured value - true value / true value x 100%

59
Q

accuracy

A

how closely a measurement approximates a true value

60
Q

precision

A

the amount of detail in a measurement

61
Q

Combining Measured Numbers

  • Addition/ Subtraction
  • Multiplication/ Division
A

Add/ Sub- round to the same precision as least precise (??)

Mult/ Div- round to the lowest number of sig digs

62
Q

Subjective (purposeful) sampling

A

non-random

63
Q

Simple random sampling

A

chose a sample of items in such a way that every sample has an equal chance of being selected

64
Q

Systematic Sampling

A

using a sampling system such as selecting every 10th or 50th member of a population

65
Q

Stratified (Stratified Random) Sampling

A

method of sampling when researcher is concerned about differences among subgroups or strata(?) within a population

66
Q

treatment group

A

group who receive treatment being testes

67
Q

control group

A

do not receive treatment being testes

68
Q

margin of error

A

used to describe a confidence interval that is likely to contain the true population parameter

69
Q

confidence interval

A

add and subtract margin of error from the sample statistic

ex. statistic = 76%
margin of error = 3%

Confidence interval ranges from 73% and 79%

70
Q

nominal text

A

text variables that are for categorial variables which have text representation and NO meaningful numeric value
ex. variable- gender with the values Male or Female ** triggered >:( ***

71
Q

nominal variables

A

categorial variables which have numeric value

72
Q

ordinal variables

A

like nominal variables, except the values have a specific order

ex. scale where 1= strongly agree and 5= strongly disagree

73
Q

continuous variables

A

variables exist on a continuous scale

ex. height, weight

74
Q

relative frequency

A

the fraction of the data values that fall in that category

relative frequency = frequency in category / total frequency

75
Q

cumulative frequency

A

number of data values in that category and all preceding categories

76
Q

two ways to present data (visually)

A
  1. Tables

2. Graphs

77
Q

maximum

A

the maximum value in a set

78
Q

median

A

the middle value when the values are placed in numerical order

ex. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
median=3

79
Q

mean

A

average

80
Q

mode

A

the value or set of values that occur most frequently

81
Q

central limit theorem

A

a mathematical theorem that states that the distribution of proportions from many samples of the same size is approximately a normal distribution (referred to the sampling distribution)

82
Q

percentile

A

is the percentage of all data values in a data set that are less than or equal to it

83
Q

null hypothesis

A

It is often the value expected in the case of no special effect

84
Q

alternate hypothesis

A

is the claim that is accepted if the null hypothesis is rejected

85
Q

Interpretation

  • Type I Error
  • Type II Error
A

Type I- when we reject the null hypothesis when its true

Type II- when we accept the null hypothesis when its false

GNED 1101 (1 decks)

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