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Donny Radiologic Sciences 1 > Final Exam S1 > Flashcards

Final Exam S1 Flashcards

1
Q

Parsimony?

A

Simple explanations more likely to be true than complex ones

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1
Q

Reproducibility

A

Proofs should be able to be duplicated w/ same results

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2
Q

Falsifiability

A

Theories should be able to be logically and logistically proven false

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3
Q

Observation

A

Proofs should be able to be observed directly w/ the senses

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4
Q

Measurability
(results)

A

Results should be able to be measured and mathematically quantified

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5
Q

Scientific approach is _________

A

Self-correcting - it will always change

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6
Q

When were X-rays discovered?

A

November 8, 1895

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6
Q

Who discovered X-rays?
(registry question)

A

Wilhelm Conrad Roentgen

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7
Q

Who discovered fluoroscopy?

A

Thomas Edison

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7
Q

ALARA stands for?

A

As
Low
As
Reasonably
Achievable
Refers to occupational exposure

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8
Q

Largest source of radiation for average human?

A

Radon gas
(coming from earth)

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8
Q

Metric system is aka _______

A

Le Systeme International (SI)

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8
Q

Unit prefix for hundredths

A

centi = c

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8
Q

SI units:

A

Grays, Sieverts, Coulombs/kg2

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8
Q

British units:

A

RAD, REM, Roentgen

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9
Q

Unit prefix for millions

A

mega = M

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9
Q

Unit prefix for thousandths

A

milli = m

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9
Q

Unit prefix for millionths

A

micro = Mu

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10
Q

2 types of Mechanical Energy

A

Potential energy
Kinetic energy

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10
Q

Law of Conservation of Energy

A

Energy can’t be created/destroyed
Energy can only be transformed

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10
Q

Unit prefix for thousands

A

kilo = k

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11
Q

Potential Energy

A

Energy of position

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12
Q

Conduction heat

A

Direct contact

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12
Q

Kinetic Energy

A

Energy of motion

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13
Q

Convection heat

A

Mixing of hot & cold molecules

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13
Q

99% of X-ray tube interactions are ____ interactions

A

Heat

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14
Q

Radiation heat

A

Transfer

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15
Q

1 reason to use technique charts

A

Consistency

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16
Q

How to determine technique?

A

Body part
Measurement of body part

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17
Q

Proton

A

Positively charged particle located in nucleus

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17
Q

Neutron

A

No charge particle
located in nucleus

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18
Q

Electron

A

Negatively charged particle orbiting nucleus & creating orbital layers

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19
Q

Atomic shells

A

Letters: K - Q
Principle Quantum Numbers: 1 - 7
2n^2 rule
Octet rule

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19
Q

Nucleon

A

Protons & neutrons

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20
Q

Z number

A

Number of protons in (elements) nucleus
Number of electrons in stable atom

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21
Q

Alpha particle

A

2 protons & 2 neutrons
Changes atom’s elemental structure
20x more damaging than X-rays
(Due to the size)

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21
Q

2n^2 rule

A

Maximum number of electrons allowed in a shell when n = Principle Quantum Number

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21
Q

Octet rule

A

Outermost shell can never hold more than 8 electrons

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21
Q

Mixture

A

2+ substances not chemically bonded
aka Suspension

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22
Q

Atomic weight

A

Slightly higher than number of nucleons

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23
Q

Ionic bond

A

Postive & negative ions attracted to each other electrically
Super strong bond

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23
Q

Covalent bond

A

Bonding of 2 atoms w/odd number of electrons
2 atoms share “extra” electrons in figure 8 pattern
Much weaker than ionic bond

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23
Q

Molecule

A

2+ atoms chemically bonded together

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24
Q

Radioactive state

A

Nucleus is unstable & spends too much energy holding itself together

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24
Q

Ground state

A

Most stable configuration of nucleons
Correct number of neutrons to stabilize atom

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24
Q

Beta particle

A

Breakdown of neutron into positive neutron (now a proton) & high-speed negative electron
5x more damaging than X-rays

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24
Q

Isotope

A

Atom w/ unusual number of neutrons
Not necessarily radioactive

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24
Q

Gamma rays

A

Energy release from unstable nucleus w/o change to atomic structure
Naturally occurring X-rays

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25
Q

Ionization

A

Gain/loss of electron by atom
Creates net electrical charge
(due to addition/subtraction of electron)

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25
Q

Ion pair

A

Ejected electron & its atom

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26
Q

2 ways electron can be removed creating an ion?

A

Incident electron
Incident X-ray

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27
Q

How is radiation formed from inner and outer shell electrons?

A

Inner shell electron is removed from orbit & replaced by outer shell electron

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27
Q

Binding energy

A

Amount of energy used to hold orbital electron in place
Amount of energy needed to knock electron out of orbit

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28
Q

keV requirement for electron removal

A

keV equal to or greater than its binding energy

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28
Q

Wavelength

A

Distance between two like points on wave
Measured in Angstroms
Angstrom = 10^ -10 m

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29
Q

Outer shell electron gives off its energy in the form of _____

A

X-ray

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29
Q

Tungsten: M shell
Quantum number & Binding energy?

A

Quantum #3
Binding energy 3 kV

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29
Q

Tungsten Z number

A

74

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29
Q

Test 2 start:
Velocity

A

How fast energy of wave moves from one point to another

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29
Q

Strength of X-ray is equal to _____

A

Difference between the 2 binding energies

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30
Q

Tungsten symbol

A

W (Wolfram)

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30
Q

Amplitude

A

Maximum displacement of media from its equilibrium
Strength of wave, not its energy

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31
Q

Tungsten: K shell
Quantum number & Binding energy?

A

Quantum #1
Binding energy 69 kV

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31
Q

Frequency

A

Number of cycles passing a fixed point in a second
Measured in Hertz

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32
Q

Tungsten: L shell
Quantum number & Binding energy?

A

Quantum #2
Binding energy 12 kV

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33
Q

Electromagnetic wave formula

A

c = frequency x wavelength
c = speed of light

All electromagnetic waves travel at speed of light (in vacuum)
If frequency increases, wavelength decreases
Energy is directly proportional to frequency

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33
Q

Velocity equals ___ x ___

A

frequency
wavelength

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33
Q

Frequency & wavelength have ___ proportional relationship

A

inverse

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34
Q

Energy is directly proportional to ___

A

frequency

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34
Q

X-rays have ___ nature

A

dual
light photons and physical properties

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34
Q

Energy is ___ proportional to frequency

A

directly

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35
Q

Resonance

A

electromagnetic radiation interacting with substances with similar natural frequency

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36
Q

High energies behave like ___

A

particles

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36
Q

Absorption: Light vs. X-ray

A

Light: yes
X-ray: yes
Low energy X-rays
X-rays that interact w/ radiopaque objects

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37
Q

Reflection: Light vs. X-ray

A

Light: yes
X-ray: no

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38
Q

Radiolucent

A

X-rays can pass easily thru

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38
Q

Transmission: Light vs. X-ray

A

Light: yes
X-ray: yes
High energy X-rays
X-rays that interact w/ radiolucent objects

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39
Q

Refraction: Light vs. X-ray

A

Light: yes
X-ray: no

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40
Q

Dispersion: Light vs. X-ray

A

Light: yes
X-ray: no

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41
Q

Attenuation

A

Partial absorption of light or X-rays

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42
Q

Radiopaque

A

Very few X-rays pass thru

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43
Q

Magnetic moment

A

magnetic field for SINGLE electron or proton

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43
Q

Electromagnetism

A

All moving electric charges develop magnetic fields

43
Q

Magnetic dipole

A

magnetic field around entire ATOM
(Small)

43
Q

Magnetic domain

A

Group of magnetic dipoles pointed in same direction

GROUP of ATOMS w/ magnetic dipoles pointed in same direction

43
Q

Ferromagnetic

A

Iron/nickel materials w/ magnetic domains easily lined up in same direction

44
Q

Paramagnetic

A

Materials slightly attracted to magnetic fields
Al, O, Au, Cu

44
Q

Diamagnetic

A

Materials slightly repel magnetic field
Glass, water

45
Q

Retentivity

A

Ability of magnet to hold on to its magnetism over time

46
Q

Non-magnetic

A

Materials unaffected by magnetic field
Wood, rubber

47
Q

Strength of attraction/repulsion of poles follows the ___ law

A

Inverse square law

47
Q

Magnetic fields are strongest near the ___

A

poles

48
Q

Magnetic field - unit of measurement

A

Gauss (G) - roughly strength of earth’s magnetic field at the poles

48
Q

Laws of Electrostatics

A
  1. Like charges repel, opposite charges attract
  2. Solid objects - only electrons move
  3. Solid objects - free electrons only exist on surface
  4. Solid objects - free electrons concentrate near point of greatest curvature
49
Q

1 Tesla (T) equals ___ gauss

A

10,000

49
Q

Electrostatics - unit of measurement

A

Coulomb

50
Q

Static electricity is generally caused by electrification by ___

A

friction

50
Q

Typical strength of MRI machine

A

2 Teslas (T)

50
Q

Electrification

A

electrons move from one object to another
electrons in both objects is unequal

51
Q

To minimize static, humidity should be above ___

A

40%

52
Q

Electrification - Induction

A

charge is induced in another object w/o touching it

52
Q

Electrification - Contact

A

potential difference exists between 2 objects touching each other

53
Q

Electromotive force - unit of measurement

A

Volt

53
Q

Electromotive Force (EMF)

A

Force created by any electric potential difference

54
Q

Electrodynamics - Semiconductors

A

Electrical current flow in certain conditions

54
Q

Electrodynamics - Conductors

A

Electrical current flow in most conditions

54
Q

Current flow & electron flow are in ___ directions

A

opposite

55
Q

Electrodynamics - Current

A

Flow of loosely-bound outer shell electrons

56
Q

Electrodynamics - Insulators

A

No electrical current flow

56
Q

Current - unit of measurement

A

Ampere / Amp
1 Coulomb per second

56
Q

1 Coulomb per second is equal to ___

A

1 ampere

56
Q

Ohm’s Law:
Formula

A

V = I x R
Voltage = Current x Resistance

57
Q

Parallel circuit

A

Each component is connected to power source independently

Failure of one component only breaks circuit to that component, not the others

57
Q

Resistance affected by:

A

Length, Diameter, Material of conductor

57
Q

Series circuit

A

Each component of circuit is connected to each other

Failure of one component breaks the circuit

57
Q

Electrical power

A

RATE at which electrical power is used

57
Q

Resistance

A

Force preventing electrons from moving thru circuit

57
Q

Electrical power - unit of measurement

A

Watt (W)

58
Q

At frequency of 60 Hertz, each cycle lasts for ___

A

1/60th second

58
Q

How many hertz in a second?

A

60

58
Q

Alternating Current

A

Oscillation of current back & forth

59
Q

How many pulses in a hertz?

A

2

59
Q

3 ways to generate alternating current

A

1.Move conductor back & forth thru magnetic field - most common
2. Move magnetic field back & forth near conductor
3. Alternate the strength of magnetic field

60
Q

Step-down transformer

A

Voltage goes down
Amperage goes up

60
Q

How many pulses in a second?

A

120

61
Q

Transformer

A

Use induction to transform voltage & amperage

61
Q

Step-up transformer
voltage & amperage

A

Voltage goes up
Amperage goes down

62
Q

True/False
Induction only works with Alternating Current

A

True

62
Q

Autotransformer

A

Uses concept of self-induction to slightly change voltage in a circuit

63
Q

What is the Typical incoming line voltage to the high voltage circuit?

A

220 volts

63
Q

Autotransformer:

A

makes adjustments to voltage before it is stepped-up

on low-voltage side of the high voltage circuit for safety

63
Q

What is part B in the x-ray machine?

A

Autotransformer

64
Q

What is part A in the X-ray machine?

A

Main power switch
&
circuit breaker

65
Q

3 ways the exposure switch and exposure time initiates/terminates

A

manual timer
mAs timer
Automatic exposure control (AEC)

65
Q

What is part C in the x-ray machine?

A

Exposure switch
&
exposure timer

66
Q

What is part D in the x-ray machine?

A

kVp Meter
(parallel circuit)

67
Q

What is part F in the x-ray machine?

A

mA meter
(series circuit)

68
Q

What is part E in the Xray machine?

A

Step-up transformer
turn ratio 500:1 to 1000:1

68
Q

What is part H in the x-ray machine?

A

x-ray tube
thermionic emission- cathode (-)
x-ray production- anode (+)

69
Q

Autotransformer (step?):

A

B
adjusts voltage before stepping up

69
Q

What is part G in the x-ray machine?

A

Rectification bridge
(changes alternate to direct current)

69
Q

What is part I in the x-ray machine?

A

Rotor switch

anode spin at 3400 RPM

heats up the filament

boils off electrons from filament due to high amps and high resistance

70
Q

Main power switch and circuit breaker (step?):

A

A
Typical incoming line voltage is 220V

70
Q

What is part J in the Xray machine?

A

mA selection
(resistors)

70
Q

What is part K in the x-ray machine?

A

Step Down Transformer
ratio 1:44
up to 5 amps

71
Q

Exposure switch and time (step?):

A

C
initiates exposure and terminates 1 of 3 ways:
Manual timer
mAs Timer
Automatic exposure control (AEC)

71
Q

Step-up transformer (step?):

A

E
turns ratio 500:1- 1000:1

71
Q

Kvp Meter (step?):

A

D
measures the Kvp
(parallel)

71
Q

Rectification bridge (step?):

A

G

Diode changes alternate to direct current

electrons approach “n” side,
electrons are repelled towards bridge

p is positive side that repels holes toward the bridge

72
Q

mA meter (step?):

A

F
Measures the amount of mA
(series)

72
Q

rotor switch (step?):

A

I
spins anode 3400 rpm

heats up filament in the x-ray tube

thermionic emission due to high amperage and high resistance

72
Q

x-ray tube (step?):

A

H
thermionic emission (cathode)
x-ray production (anode)

73
Q

mA selection (step?):

A

J
Resistors
more resistors less amperage (vice versa)

73
Q

Step down transformer (step?):
mA increased by:

A

K
ratio of 1:44

mA is increased by a factor of 44, up to 5 AMPS

73
Q

Ch 9: xray tube
Cathode:

A

negative side of the x-ray tube
Thermionic emission

74
Q

Half wave/self-rectified circuits

A

60 pulses a second
100% voltage ripple
30% average Kvp

74
Q

Thermionic emission:

A

“BOILING OFF” electrons from filament due to high amperage and high resistance

75
Q

Filaments are made up of:

A

thorium-impregnated tungsten

thorium z=90 helps with heat tolerance

75
Q

single-phase/ full wave rectified

A

120 pulses a second
100% voltage ripple
30% average Kvp

76
Q

3 phase/ 6-pulse generators

A

360 pulses per second
14% voltage ripple
91% average Kvp

76
Q

3-phase/ 12-pulse generators

A

720 pulses per second
4% voltage ripple
97% average Kvp

76
Q

high frequency generators

A

greater than 500 pulses
per second 500<

1% voltage ripple

100% average kvp

hz is altered from 60 to 500-25,000 HZ

77
Q

Ch 9: xray tube
How many filaments in x-ray tube?

A

2 filaments
small= 1 cm
large: 1.5-2 cm

77
Q

What does focal spot do?
Small?
Large?

A

smaller focal spot creates sharper images

large focal spot better for high heat x-rays (L-spine)

78
Q

what is heat units for?
(What does it measure)

A

to measure how much heat the anode can withstand

(a unit of measurement for anode heat capacity)

78
Q

Thermionic emission occurs in the:
What is thermionic emission?

A

Cathode
“boils off” electrons from the filament due to high current flow and high resistance

78
Q

Focusing cup:
What is its charge?

A

Negative charge

prevents electrons from rushing away by surrounding the filament (negative focusing cup narrows the electrons due to the law of attraction)

79
Q

focal spot (in anode) is _% of filament?

A

5%
(0.5mm-1mm)

79
Q

Focal spot for hands/feet x-rays:

A

Small focal spot
1cm

79
Q

What is space charge?

A

electron cloud forms around the filament when the rotor button is pushed

80
Q

mAs directly controls the number:

A

of x-rays that exit the tube

80
Q

Doubling mAs will:

A

double the amount of x-rays created

80
Q

Target:
A part of what?
Made of what?

A

area of the anode disk that is struck by the electrons

made of tungsten and rhenium z=75

80
Q

focal spot for lateral lumbar:

A

large focal spot
1.5cm to 2cm

80
Q

Anode:

A

positive side of the x-rays tube
Xray production

81
Q

What is struck by electrons in the x-ray tube?

A

the target in the anode (anode disk)

very durable to high amounts of heat

81
Q

Rotor:
A part of what?

A

Anode

Connects the shaft and spins when influenced by the stator (induction)

81
Q

What is arcing?

A

vaporized tungsten coats the inside of the tube

type of short circuit:
1. cracks the glass
2. eliminates vacuum
3. burns out the filament

82
Q

Main cause of x-ray tube failure?

A

arcing

82
Q

What is a way we can protect the x-ray tube?
(3)

A
  1. warm up procedures to prevent thermal shock (hot water on cold glass=crack)
  2. avoid excessive rotoring
  3. calculate the heat units to prevent overheating of the anode
83
Q

What is the anode cooling chart purpose?

A

how long will it take for the anode to cool before making another exposure

83
Q

What is the purpose for a tube rating chart?

A

to ensure that a technique will not exceed the heat capacity of an x-ray tube

83
Q

HU (heat units) formula:

A

1.4 (constant/ don’t forget)
x
kVp
x
mA
x
s (seconds)

83
Q

heat interactions:

A

99.5% of interactions at 60 Kv
99% of interactions at 100 kv

83
Q

bremsstrahlung is responsible for the:

A

vast majority of x-rays

83
Q

stream of electrons:
How fast?

A

using the voltages in x-ray electrons can accelerate at 1/2 the speed of light in just one inch

84
Q

Bremsstrahlung:

A

“braking radiation”
interactions with the nucleus

84
Q

Characteristic:

A

projectile electron from CATHODE interacts with INNER shell electron
it can be ejected

84
Q

In Bremsstrahlung what is the average kv exiting?

A

(The avg kv after filtration is 1/3 of kvp setting)

the average KV exiting the x-ray tube after filtration is about 1/3 of the kVp setting

84
Q

Any _____ can fill the vacancy in an inner shell electron, including ____ _______ outside the atom in characteristic

A

Electrons
Free electrons

84
Q

Characteristic cascade:

A

Inner shell electrons are replaced in sequence (k by L,L by M, M by N,N by O).
MULTIPLE x-rays are created

84
Q

What are the steps of characteristic?

A
  1. electron interacts with inner shell electron
  2. outer shell electron will drop down to fill the vacancy (L to K)
  3. The strength of the x-ray is equal to the difference between the two shell electrons
85
Q

Filtration removes what kind of x-rays?
adding more filtration will:

A

Filtration removes weak x-rays
&
adding more filtration will remove even more weak ones
Increasing the average kvp

85
Q

The result of characteristic cascade is x-rays at _____ _________

A

Specific energies
K shell- 57, 66, 68, 69 KV
L shell- 9,11,12 KV

85
Q

(T/F)
when the Bremsstrahlung spectrum and characteristic spectrum are combined we have a complete graph of all the x-rays leaving the x-ray tube

A

True

86
Q

What are factors that affect the x-ray emission spectrum?

A
  1. Target material (mammography)
  2. Milliampere-seconds (mAs)
  3. added filtration
  4. Kilovoltage-peak (kVp)
  5. generator type
    (3 are of these are most common/ I think 2,3,4)
87
Q

Increasing the kVp will move:

A

the x-ray emission spectrum to the right due to the increase energy from x-rays

88
Q

When we filtrate more x-rays what happens to the average KV?
What is this known as?

A

the average KV will go up
this is known as “hardening” the x-ray beam

89
Q

How do generator type play a role in x-ray emission spectrum?

A

mostimportantly the average kvp
Changes the pulses, voltage
ripple, average kvp
(high frequency, single phase, etc)

90
Q

How does target material play a role in the x-ray emission spectrum?
(won’t be tested much on)

A

(Certain material will lower the average kvp)
like in mammography the material of the target will affect the average KV
(ex: in mammography avg is 17 KV)

91
Q

Average KV after exiting the x-ray tube after:

A

filtration is about 1/3 of the kVp setting

91
Q

therionic emission

A

a “boiling off” of electrons from the filament due to high current flow and high resistance

92
Q

Hardening the x-ray beam:

A

adding more filtration for weak x-rays
thus increasing the average kVp

92
Q

At the bridge current:

A

can flow

92
Q

(T/F)
free electrons outside of the atom can fill the vacancy of the inner shell?

A

True
ANY electron

Donny Radiologic Sciences 1 (5 decks)

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