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Virology (Black Semester) > Final Exam RNA Viruses > Flashcards

Final Exam RNA Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

African Horse Sickness

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Orbivirus (Family: Reoviridae)

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2
Q

Bluetongue virus

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Orbivirus (Family: Reoviridae)

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3
Q

Replication site for Reoviridae?

A

Cytoplasm

(replication starts even when virus genome is in a partial capsid)

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4
Q

In Bluetongue Disease, what species is the most potential source of infection for the sheep?

A

Cattle

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5
Q

In Bluetongue Disease, what is the major route of transmission?

A

Arthropod-borne Transmission

(Culicoides -> biting midges)

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6
Q

In Bluetongue Disease, cattle show severe febrile reaction

True of False?

A

False

Sheep -> severe febrile reaction

Cattle -> subclinical & asymptomatic

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7
Q

Blue Tongue Disease is reportable

True or False?

A

True

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8
Q

In African Horse Sickness, what is the major route of transmission?

A

Arthropod-borne Transmission

(Culicoides -> biting midges)

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9
Q

In the clinical findings of African Horse Sickness, Dunktop is considered?

  1. Acute (Pulmonary) Horse Sickness
  2. Subacute (Cardiac) Horse Sickness
A
  1. Acute (Pulmonary) Horse Sickness
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10
Q

In the clinical findings of African Horse Sickness, Dikkop is considered?

  1. Acute (Pulmonary) Horse Sickness
  2. Subacute (Cardiac) Horse Sickness
A
  1. Subacute (Cardiac) Horse Sickness
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11
Q

What virus is the one of the major causes of severe viral diarrhea in young mammals and birds?

A

Rotavirus

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12
Q

In Rotavirus, what is the major route of transmission?

A

Fecal-Oral

(Virus is stable in the environment because of its strong capsid)

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13
Q

In Rotavirus, what type of cells is the main site of viral replication?

A

Mature enterocytes on the villi of upper small intestin

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14
Q

Rotavirus is zoonotic

True or False?

A

True

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15
Q

Avian Reovirus (Orthoreovirus) causes what type of disease in chickens?

A

Viral Arthritis/Tenosynovitis

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16
Q

In Avian Reovirus (Orthoreovirus), what is the major type of transmission?

A

Fecal-Oral

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17
Q

Can you name the common biological vector of Bluetongue (BTV) virus?

  1. Ticks
  2. Culicoides
  3. Mosquitoes
  4. Fleas
A
  1. Culicoides
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18
Q

Rotavirus is primarily transmitted by _____.

  1. Aerosol route
  2. Through flies
  3. Transplacental route
  4. Fecal-oral route
A
  1. Fecal-oral route
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19
Q

Dunkop and Dikkop forms are clinical forms of _____.

  1. Bluetongue
  2. Avian Reovirus infection
  3. Rotavirus
  4. African Horse Sickness
A
  1. African Horse Sickness
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20
Q

For Coronavirus, what shape is the nucleocapsid?

A

Helical nucleocapsid

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21
Q

For Torovirus, what shape is the nucleocapsid?

A

Tightly coiled tubular nucleocapsid bent into a doughnut shape

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22
Q

Replication site for Coronaviridae?

A

Cytoplasm

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23
Q

Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE) in Pigs

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Coronavirus

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24
Q

In Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE) in Pigs when the virus is first introduced into a susceptible herd and has rapid spread, high morbidity and mortality in piglets, what type of form is it?

  1. Endemic form
  2. Epidemic form
A
  1. Epidemic form
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25
Q

In Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE) in Pigs, what is the major route of transmission?

A

Fecal-oral route

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26
Q

In Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis, the Encephalomyelitic form is seen in?

  1. Usually in piglets <4 weeks of age
  2. Usually in piglets <2 weeks of age
A
  1. Usually in piglets <2 weeks of age
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27
Q

Winter Dysentery in Cows

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Coronavirus

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28
Q

In Winter Dysentery in Cows, does it infect young or mature cattle?

A

Infects mature cattle, most common in recently calved lactating cows

(young cattle may be infected but show mild clinical signs)

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29
Q

In Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), what major diagnostic is used?

A

Effusion Analysis (Rivalta test)

(If drop retains its shape, drops down or attached to surface of tube -> Positive for FIP)

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30
Q

In Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), what form of FIP is seen in the intermediate response?

A

Non-effusive form/ Dry form

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31
Q

In Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), the virus has increased affinity for what type of cells?

A

Macrophages

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32
Q

In Avian Infectious Bronchitis, what 2 types of tropism the virus commonly has?

A
  1. Respiratory
  2. Nephrotropic
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33
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV)

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Alphavirus (Family: Togaviridae)

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34
Q

In Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV), what species are the important reservoir and primary amplifying hosts?

A

Domestic and Wild Birds

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35
Q

In Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV), what 2 species serve as secondary amplifying hosts?

A
  1. Lagomorphs
  2. Rodents
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36
Q

In Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV), what 2 species serve as dead-end hosts?

A
  1. Humans
  2. Horses
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37
Q

In eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV), what 2 species serve as reservoirs besides birds?

A
  1. Rodents
  2. Reptiles
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38
Q

In Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV), which cycle is highly virulent for equines?

  1. Epizootic/Epidemic
  2. Enzootic/Endemic
A
  1. Epizootic/Epidemic
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39
Q

The Enzootic cycle of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) is primarily maintained between ___ and ___.

  1. Humans and Mosquitoes
  2. Birds and Mosquitoes
  3. Rodents and Mosquitoes
  4. Horses and Mosquitoes
A
  1. Rodents and Mosquitoes
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40
Q

Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV) is believed to have emerged from genetic recombination of an ancestral Eastern equine encephalitis virus-like virus (EEEV-like) and ancestral Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-like (VEEV-like) virus.

True or False?

A

False

(from genetic recombination of an ancestral Eastern equine encephalitis virus-like virus and an ancestral Sindbis-like alphavirus)

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41
Q

What virus has the unique appearance of 32 cup-shaped surface depressions?

A

Caliciviruses

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42
Q

In Feline Calicivirus (FCV), what are 3 routes of infection?

A
  1. Conjunctiva
  2. Inhalation
  3. Ingestion
43
Q

In Feline Calicivirus (FCV), what are 2 types of tissues that the virus mainly replicates in?

A
  1. Oral tissues
  2. Respiratory tissues
44
Q

In Feline Calicivirus (FCV), what is one of the main characteristic pathological lesion?

A

Tongue ulcers

45
Q

Calicivirus can cause lameness in cats.

True or False?

A

True

46
Q

Infectious bursal disease virus

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Avibirnavirus (Family: Birnaviridae)

47
Q

In Infectious bursal disease virus, which serotype is pathogenic?

  1. Serotype 1
  2. Serotype 2
A
  1. Serotype 1
48
Q

In Infectious bursal disease virus, what tissue is its primary target?

A

Lymphoid tissue

(with a special predilection for the bursa of Fabricius (cloacal bursa)

49
Q

In Infectious bursal disease virus, what is the major route of transmission?

A

Fecal-oral route

50
Q

Rabies virus

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Genus: Lyssavirus (Family: Rhabdoviridae)

51
Q

Rabies virus infection is maintained in what 2 epidemiological cycles?

A
  1. Urban cycle
  2. Sylvatic cycle
52
Q

What are 3 clinical phases of Rabies virus?

A
  1. Prodomal phase -> daytime activities in nocturnal animals
  2. Excitative (fury) phase -> severe agitation and aggressivesness
  3. Paralytic (dumb) phase -> leading to typical sign of foaming saliva around the mouth (excessive salivation)
53
Q

In Rabies virus, what is the only typical finding during histopathology?

A

Presence of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Negri Bodies) in neurons

54
Q

For Rabies virus, what laboratory diagnostic test is considered gold standard to use?

A

Fluorescent antibody test (FAT)

55
Q

Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV)

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Genus:Vesiculovirus (Family: Rhabdoviridae)

56
Q

In Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) for horses, what clinical finding is the most pronounced?

A

Tongue lesions

57
Q

In Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), what cells is the site of replication?

A

Intraepithelium of mucosae and skin leading to oedema

58
Q

What 2 viruses are usually clinical indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases in swine and cattle?

A
  1. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV)
  2. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
59
Q

Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus (3 Day Stiff Sickness)

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Genus: Ephemerovirus (Family: Rhabdoviridae)

60
Q

In Bovine ephemeral fever virus, what is the major route of transmission?

A

Arthropod transmission

(Culicoides -> biting midges)

61
Q

In Bovine ephemeral fever virus, what diagnostic test is considered as gold standard?

A

Virus isolation in mosquito cell culture or suckling mouse brain

62
Q

Vesicular stomatitis is a reportable disease in North America

True or False?

A

True

63
Q

For Retroviruses, what enzyme is required for replication?

A

Reverse transcriptase

64
Q

In Retroviruses, what are 4 genes that it contains?

A
  1. GAG gene
  2. POL gene
  3. ENV gene
  4. PRO gene
65
Q

Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Genus: Gammaretrovirus (Family: Retroviridae)

66
Q

In Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), what type of tissue does the virus have tropism for?

A

Lymphoid Tissue

(defects in T-cells, reduces the number of CD4+ T cells)

67
Q

Sexual contact is the major means of spreading Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)

True or False

A

False

(Primary modes are deep bite wounds and scratches)

68
Q

In Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), what diagnostic test does not work with very early infection?

A

ELISA

(used to detect antigens and anti-FIV antibodies)

69
Q

Avian leucosis and sarcoma viruses

Etiology of RNA viruses?

A

Genus: Alpharetrovirus (Family: Retroviridae)

70
Q

Positive sense RNA means:

  1. RNA needs to be converted to mRNA for protein translation to ensue
  2. RNA requires reverse transcriptase to prepare mRNA
  3. RNA serves as mRNA from which protein tran slation can directly begin
A
  1. RNA serves as mRNA from which protein tran slation can directly begin
71
Q

What is regenerative anemia?

  1. Anemia that leads to skeletal tissue regeneration
  2. Anemia in which the bone marrow responds by producing more RBCs
  3. Anemia in which only platelets regenerate
A
  1. Anemia in which the bone marrow responds by producing more RBCs
72
Q

Destruction of RBCs in EIA is an example of which hypersensitivity mechanism?

  1. Hypersensitivity type I
  2. Hypersensitivity type II
  3. Hypersensitivity type III
  4. Hypersensitivity type IV
A
  1. Hypersensitivity type II
73
Q

Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Genus: Aphthovirus (Family: Picornaviridae)

74
Q

In Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus, what is used as a disinfectant?

A

4% sodium carbonate (soda ash)

75
Q

Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus is reportable

True or False?

A

True

76
Q

Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV)

Etiology for RNA virus?

A

Genus: Enterovirus (Family: Picornaviridae)

77
Q

In the family of Paramyxoviridae, what are the 3 nucleocapsid proteins?

A
  1. RNA-binding protein (N)
  2. Phosphoprotein (P)
  3. Large polymerase (L)
78
Q

Newcastle disease

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Genus: Avulavirus (Family: Paramyxoviridae)

79
Q

In Newcastle Disease, what are the 3 strains?

A
  1. Lentogenic strains
  2. Mesogenic strains
  3. Velogenic strains
80
Q

In Newcastle Disease, which one of the 3 strains causes significant gross lesions?

A

Velogenic strain

81
Q

Nipah virus

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Genus: Henipavirus (Family: Paramyxoviridae)

82
Q

Nipah virus causes what two illnesses?

A
  1. Encephalitis
  2. Respiratory
83
Q

What is the reservoir host for Nipah virus?

A

Flying foxes (fruit bats)

84
Q

Canine distemper virus

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Genus: Morbilivirus (Family: Paramyxoviridae)

85
Q

In Canine Distemper virus, what type of cells does the virus infect?

A

All cells expressing CD150

86
Q

What type of vaccination is given for canines for Canine Distemper virus?

A

Modified-live vaccine

87
Q

Canine distemper virus causes distemper in cats

True or False?

A

False

88
Q

If the canine distemper virus infects and destroys macrophages, thymocytes, dendritic cells and activated lymphocytes, what outcome of the infection is likely to occur?

  1. Lymphoproliferative disease
  2. Secondary immunodeficiency disease
  3. Immunotolerance
  4. Primary immunodeficiency disease
A
  1. Secondary immunodeficiency disease
89
Q

Site of replication for Family Orthomyxoviridae?

A

Nucleus

90
Q

What type of arthropod are used to transmit Thogotoviruses (Family: Orthomyxoviridae)?

A

Ticks

91
Q

What virus is the most important respiratory disease of horses?

A

Equine Influenza virus

92
Q

In Pestivirus (Family: Flaviviridae), what type of cells does the virus have tropism for? (3 answers)

A
  1. Vascular endothelium
  2. Mononuclear phagocytes
  3. Other cells of the immune system
93
Q

Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Genus: Pestivirus (Family: Flaviviridae)

94
Q

Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) immunocompetence will lead to birth of calves that are carriers of the virus but are seronegative. Why?

  1. Malfunction of the immune system
  2. Development of immunotolerance
  3. Immunodeficiency
A
  1. Development of immunotolerance
95
Q

Arteriviruses replicate in what type of cells?

A

Macrophages

96
Q

In Equine arteritis virus (EAV), what are 2 routes of transmission?

A
  1. Respiratory
  2. Venereal
97
Q

Akabane virus

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Genus: Orthobunyavirus (Family: Bunyaviridae)

98
Q

For Akabane virus, what 3 sites can be used for virus isolation in diagnostic testing?

A
  1. Placenta
  2. Fetal Brain
  3. Muscles
99
Q

Rift valley fever virus

Etiology of RNA virus?

A

Genus: Phlebovirus (Family: Bunyaviridae)

100
Q

In Rift valley fever virus, what types of arthropod are used for transmission?

A

Mosquitoes

101
Q

In the Family Bornaviridae, what is the site of replication?

A

Nucleus

102
Q

In Borna Disease Virus (BDV), what is the major route of transmission?

A

Oronasal transmission

103
Q

In Borna Disease Virus (BDV), what are pathognomomic lesions is known for?

A

Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in neurons called “Joest-Degen bodies”

104
Q

In Turkey Astrovirus, what organ would be used for pathological findings?

A

Intestines, particularly the ceca are dilated, filled with fluid

Virology (Black Semester) (2 decks)

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