Final Exam RNA Viruses Flashcards
1
Q
African Horse Sickness
Etiology of RNA virus?
A
Orbivirus (Family: Reoviridae)
2
Q
Bluetongue virus
Etiology of RNA virus?
A
Orbivirus (Family: Reoviridae)
3
Q
Replication site for Reoviridae?
A
Cytoplasm
(replication starts even when virus genome is in a partial capsid)
4
Q
In Bluetongue Disease, what species is the most potential source of infection for the sheep?
A
Cattle
5
Q
In Bluetongue Disease, what is the major route of transmission?
A
Arthropod-borne Transmission
(Culicoides -> biting midges)
6
Q
In Bluetongue Disease, cattle show severe febrile reaction
True of False?
A
False
Sheep -> severe febrile reaction
Cattle -> subclinical & asymptomatic
7
Q
Blue Tongue Disease is reportable
True or False?
A
True
8
Q
In African Horse Sickness, what is the major route of transmission?
A
Arthropod-borne Transmission
(Culicoides -> biting midges)
9
Q
In the clinical findings of African Horse Sickness, Dunktop is considered?
- Acute (Pulmonary) Horse Sickness
- Subacute (Cardiac) Horse Sickness
A
- Acute (Pulmonary) Horse Sickness
10
Q
In the clinical findings of African Horse Sickness, Dikkop is considered?
- Acute (Pulmonary) Horse Sickness
- Subacute (Cardiac) Horse Sickness
A
- Subacute (Cardiac) Horse Sickness
11
Q
What virus is the one of the major causes of severe viral diarrhea in young mammals and birds?
A
Rotavirus
12
Q
In Rotavirus, what is the major route of transmission?
A
Fecal-Oral
(Virus is stable in the environment because of its strong capsid)
13
Q
In Rotavirus, what type of cells is the main site of viral replication?
A
Mature enterocytes on the villi of upper small intestin
14
Q
Rotavirus is zoonotic
True or False?
A
True
15
Q
Avian Reovirus (Orthoreovirus) causes what type of disease in chickens?
A
Viral Arthritis/Tenosynovitis
16
Q
In Avian Reovirus (Orthoreovirus), what is the major type of transmission?
A
Fecal-Oral
17
Q
Can you name the common biological vector of Bluetongue (BTV) virus?
- Ticks
- Culicoides
- Mosquitoes
- Fleas
A
- Culicoides
18
Q
Rotavirus is primarily transmitted by _____.
- Aerosol route
- Through flies
- Transplacental route
- Fecal-oral route
A
- Fecal-oral route
19
Q
Dunkop and Dikkop forms are clinical forms of _____.
- Bluetongue
- Avian Reovirus infection
- Rotavirus
- African Horse Sickness
A
- African Horse Sickness
20
Q
For Coronavirus, what shape is the nucleocapsid?
A
Helical nucleocapsid
21
Q
For Torovirus, what shape is the nucleocapsid?
A
Tightly coiled tubular nucleocapsid bent into a doughnut shape
22
Q
Replication site for Coronaviridae?
A
Cytoplasm
23
Q
Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE) in Pigs
Etiology of RNA virus?
A
Coronavirus
24
Q
In Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE) in Pigs when the virus is first introduced into a susceptible herd and has rapid spread, high morbidity and mortality in piglets, what type of form is it?
- Endemic form
- Epidemic form
A
- Epidemic form
25
In Transmissible Gastroenteritis (TGE) in Pigs, what is the major route of transmission?
Fecal-oral route
26
In Porcine Hemagglutinating Encephalomyelitis, the Encephalomyelitic form is seen in?
1. Usually in piglets \<4 weeks of age
2. Usually in piglets \<2 weeks of age
2. Usually in piglets \<2 weeks of age
27
Winter Dysentery in Cows
Etiology of RNA virus?
Coronavirus
28
In Winter Dysentery in Cows, does it infect young or mature cattle?
Infects mature cattle, most common in recently calved lactating cows
(young cattle may be infected but show mild clinical signs)
29
In Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), what major diagnostic is used?
Effusion Analysis (Rivalta test)
(If drop retains its shape, drops down or attached to surface of tube -\> Positive for FIP)
30
In Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), what form of FIP is seen in the intermediate response?
Non-effusive form/ Dry form
31
In Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP), the virus has increased affinity for what type of cells?
Macrophages
32
In Avian Infectious Bronchitis, what 2 types of tropism the virus commonly has?
1. Respiratory
2. Nephrotropic
33
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV)
Etiology of RNA virus?
Alphavirus (Family: Togaviridae)
34
In Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV), what species are the important reservoir and primary amplifying hosts?
Domestic and Wild Birds
35
In Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV), what 2 species serve as secondary amplifying hosts?
1. Lagomorphs
2. Rodents
36
In Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV), what 2 species serve as dead-end hosts?
1. Humans
2. Horses
37
In eastern Equine Encephalitis Virus (EEEV), what 2 species serve as reservoirs besides birds?
1. Rodents
2. Reptiles
38
In Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV), which cycle is highly virulent for equines?
1. Epizootic/Epidemic
2. Enzootic/Endemic
1. Epizootic/Epidemic
39
The Enzootic cycle of Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus (VEEV) is primarily maintained between ___ and \_\_\_.
1. Humans and Mosquitoes
2. Birds and Mosquitoes
3. Rodents and Mosquitoes
4. Horses and Mosquitoes
3. Rodents and Mosquitoes
40
Western Equine Encephalitis Virus (WEEV) is believed to have emerged from genetic recombination of an ancestral Eastern equine encephalitis virus-like virus (EEEV-like) and ancestral Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus-like (VEEV-like) virus.
True or False?
False
(from genetic recombination of an ancestral Eastern equine encephalitis virus-like virus and an ancestral Sindbis-like alphavirus)
41
What virus has the unique appearance of 32 cup-shaped surface depressions?
Caliciviruses
42
In Feline Calicivirus (FCV), what are 3 routes of infection?
1. Conjunctiva
2. Inhalation
3. Ingestion
43
In Feline Calicivirus (FCV), what are 2 types of tissues that the virus mainly replicates in?
1. Oral tissues
2. Respiratory tissues
44
In Feline Calicivirus (FCV), what is one of the main characteristic pathological lesion?
Tongue ulcers
45
Calicivirus can cause lameness in cats.
True or False?
True
46
Infectious bursal disease virus
Etiology of RNA virus?
Avibirnavirus (Family: Birnaviridae)
47
In Infectious bursal disease virus, which serotype is pathogenic?
1. Serotype 1
2. Serotype 2
1. Serotype 1
48
In Infectious bursal disease virus, what tissue is its primary target?
Lymphoid tissue
(with a special predilection for the bursa of Fabricius (cloacal bursa)
49
In Infectious bursal disease virus, what is the major route of transmission?
Fecal-oral route
50
Rabies virus
Etiology of RNA virus?
Genus: Lyssavirus (Family: Rhabdoviridae)
51
Rabies virus infection is maintained in what 2 epidemiological cycles?
1. Urban cycle
2. Sylvatic cycle
52
What are 3 clinical phases of Rabies virus?
1. Prodomal phase -\> daytime activities in nocturnal animals
2. Excitative (fury) phase -\> severe agitation and aggressivesness
3. Paralytic (dumb) phase -\> leading to typical sign of foaming saliva around the mouth (excessive salivation)
53
In Rabies virus, what is the only typical finding during histopathology?
Presence of eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (Negri Bodies) in neurons
54
For Rabies virus, what laboratory diagnostic test is considered gold standard to use?
Fluorescent antibody test (FAT)
55
Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV)
Etiology of RNA virus?
Genus:Vesiculovirus (Family: Rhabdoviridae)
56
In Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV) for horses, what clinical finding is the most pronounced?
Tongue lesions
57
In Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV), what cells is the site of replication?
Intraepithelium of mucosae and skin leading to oedema
58
What 2 viruses are usually clinical indistinguishable from other vesicular diseases in swine and cattle?
1. Vesicular Stomatitis Virus (VSV)
2. Foot-and-Mouth Disease
59
Bovine Ephemeral Fever Virus (3 Day Stiff Sickness)
Etiology of RNA virus?
Genus: Ephemerovirus (Family: Rhabdoviridae)
60
In Bovine ephemeral fever virus, what is the major route of transmission?
Arthropod transmission
| (Culicoides -\> biting midges)
61
In Bovine ephemeral fever virus, what diagnostic test is considered as gold standard?
Virus isolation in mosquito cell culture or suckling mouse brain
62
Vesicular stomatitis is a reportable disease in North America
True or False?
True
63
For Retroviruses, what enzyme is required for replication?
Reverse transcriptase
64
In Retroviruses, what are 4 genes that it contains?
1. GAG gene
2. POL gene
3. ENV gene
4. PRO gene
65
Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV)
Etiology of RNA virus?
Genus: Gammaretrovirus (Family: Retroviridae)
66
In Feline leukaemia virus (FeLV), what type of tissue does the virus have tropism for?
Lymphoid Tissue
(defects in T-cells, reduces the number of CD4+ T cells)
67
Sexual contact is the major means of spreading Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV)
True or False
False
(Primary modes are deep bite wounds and scratches)
68
In Feline Immunodeficiency Virus (FIV), what diagnostic test does not work with very early infection?
ELISA
(used to detect antigens and anti-FIV antibodies)
69
Avian leucosis and sarcoma viruses
Etiology of RNA viruses?
Genus: Alpharetrovirus (Family: Retroviridae)
70
Positive sense RNA means:
1. RNA needs to be converted to mRNA for protein translation to ensue
2. RNA requires reverse transcriptase to prepare mRNA
3. RNA serves as mRNA from which protein tran slation can directly begin
3. RNA serves as mRNA from which protein tran slation can directly begin
71
What is regenerative anemia?
1. Anemia that leads to skeletal tissue regeneration
2. Anemia in which the bone marrow responds by producing more RBCs
3. Anemia in which only platelets regenerate
2. Anemia in which the bone marrow responds by producing more RBCs
72
Destruction of RBCs in EIA is an example of which hypersensitivity mechanism?
1. Hypersensitivity type I
2. Hypersensitivity type II
3. Hypersensitivity type III
4. Hypersensitivity type IV
2. Hypersensitivity type II
73
Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus
Etiology of RNA virus?
Genus: Aphthovirus (Family: Picornaviridae)
74
In Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus, what is used as a disinfectant?
4% sodium carbonate (soda ash)
75
Foot-and-Mouth Disease virus is reportable
True or False?
True
76
Swine vesicular disease virus (SVDV)
Etiology for RNA virus?
Genus: Enterovirus (Family: Picornaviridae)
77
In the family of Paramyxoviridae, what are the 3 nucleocapsid proteins?
1. RNA-binding protein (N)
2. Phosphoprotein (P)
3. Large polymerase (L)
78
Newcastle disease
Etiology of RNA virus?
Genus: Avulavirus (Family: Paramyxoviridae)
79
In Newcastle Disease, what are the 3 strains?
1. Lentogenic strains
2. Mesogenic strains
3. Velogenic strains
80
In Newcastle Disease, which one of the 3 strains causes significant gross lesions?
Velogenic strain
81
Nipah virus
Etiology of RNA virus?
Genus: Henipavirus (Family: Paramyxoviridae)
82
Nipah virus causes what two illnesses?
1. Encephalitis
2. Respiratory
83
What is the reservoir host for Nipah virus?
Flying foxes (fruit bats)
84
Canine distemper virus
Etiology of RNA virus?
Genus: Morbilivirus (Family: Paramyxoviridae)
85
In Canine Distemper virus, what type of cells does the virus infect?
All cells expressing CD150
86
What type of vaccination is given for canines for Canine Distemper virus?
Modified-live vaccine
87
Canine distemper virus causes distemper in cats
True or False?
False
88
If the canine distemper virus infects and destroys macrophages, thymocytes, dendritic cells and activated lymphocytes, what outcome of the infection is likely to occur?
1. Lymphoproliferative disease
2. Secondary immunodeficiency disease
3. Immunotolerance
4. Primary immunodeficiency disease
2. Secondary immunodeficiency disease
89
Site of replication for Family Orthomyxoviridae?
Nucleus
90
What type of arthropod are used to transmit Thogotoviruses (Family: Orthomyxoviridae)?
Ticks
91
What virus is the most important respiratory disease of horses?
Equine Influenza virus
92
In Pestivirus (Family: Flaviviridae), what type of cells does the virus have tropism for? (3 answers)
1. Vascular endothelium
2. Mononuclear phagocytes
3. Other cells of the immune system
93
Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV)
Etiology of RNA virus?
Genus: Pestivirus (Family: Flaviviridae)
94
Infection with Bovine Viral Diarrhea Virus (BVDV) immunocompetence will lead to birth of calves that are carriers of the virus but are seronegative. Why?
1. Malfunction of the immune system
2. Development of immunotolerance
3. Immunodeficiency
2. Development of immunotolerance
95
Arteriviruses replicate in what type of cells?
Macrophages
96
In Equine arteritis virus (EAV), what are 2 routes of transmission?
1. Respiratory
2. Venereal
97
Akabane virus
Etiology of RNA virus?
Genus: Orthobunyavirus (Family: Bunyaviridae)
98
For Akabane virus, what 3 sites can be used for virus isolation in diagnostic testing?
1. Placenta
2. Fetal Brain
3. Muscles
99
Rift valley fever virus
Etiology of RNA virus?
Genus: Phlebovirus (Family: Bunyaviridae)
100
In Rift valley fever virus, what types of arthropod are used for transmission?
Mosquitoes
101
In the Family Bornaviridae, what is the site of replication?
Nucleus
102
In Borna Disease Virus (BDV), what is the major route of transmission?
Oronasal transmission
103
In Borna Disease Virus (BDV), what are pathognomomic lesions is known for?
Eosinophilic intranuclear inclusion bodies in neurons called “Joest-Degen bodies"
104
In Turkey Astrovirus, what organ would be used for pathological findings?
Intestines, particularly the ceca are dilated, filled with fluid
