Final Exam - REVISED Flashcards
Mental structures that an individual uses to organize knowledge and incoming information according to gender categories and in turn leads people to perceive the world in terms of gender
Gender Schema
In English, what type of gendered terms are used in reference to human beings in general or persons of unspecified gender?
Male generic terms
A male-centred worldview that positions men and boys as representative of the human condition or experience and women and girls as diverging from the human condition
Androcentrism
What are some examples of Male generic terms?
Mankind
Manpower
The use of “guys” to refer to both women and men
What is the male precedence?
Male precedence: male and female, boys and girls, men and women, etc.
Words with equivalent terms for females and males
Parallel language
True or False - Parallel terms are equal in both meaning and connotation.
False.
Parallel terms can be equal in terms of denotation (the meaning of the word), but not connotation (the suggested meaning apart from the term’s literal meaning)
E.g., sports coaches calling male athletes “ladies” as a put down
What is gender-neutral language?
Language that is not specifically gendered (e.g., using the pronoun “they” instead of “he”, using neutral words or phrases such as “person” or “individual”, eliminating pronouns from sentences completely)
What types of terms have emerged to combat male generic language?
Gender-neutral language
How has the meaning of “Queer” changed over time?
“Queer” meanings:
* 16th century – odd or eccentric
* 19th century – colloquial term for gay men (often derogatory)
* 1960’s/1970’s – term reclaimed from its hurtful usage
* 1990’s – used as a critical and political identity that challenged normative ideas of sexuality and gender
* 2000’s – an umbrella term for 2SLGBTQIA+ communities
________ schemata have a powerful influence on the way we perceive the world.
Gender schemata
“The non-physiological (or non-biological) aspects of being male or female – the cultural expressions of femininity and masculinity”
The traditional definition of Gender
“The socially constructed roles, behaviours, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men, and gender diverse people”
Updated definition of Gender
What is Gender Identity?
“One’s innermost concept of self as male, female, a blend of both or neither – how individuals perceive themselves and what they call themselves”
Which gender identity is consistent with assigned sex at birth?
Cisgender
Which gender identity is not consistent with assigned sex at birth?
Transgender
Define Transgender
Transgender: An umbrella term for people whose gender identity is
different from their assigned sex at birth
What is Gender dysphoria?
A feeling of discomfort or distress that might occur in people whose gender identity differs from their assigned sex at birth
Name the Gender Identity Term:
Not identifying with any particular gender; sometimes referred to as “nongender” or “genderless”
Agender
Name the Gender Identity Term:
Identifying with two genders
Bigender
Name the Gender Identity Term:
Expressing or identifying gender in a way outside of or beyond cultural or societal expectations for gender expression. An umbrella term encompassing other terms like “genderqueer” and “genderfluid.”
Gender nonconforming
Name the Gender Identity Term:
A person who does not exclusively identify as one of the two genders on the gender binary, male or female
Non-binary
Name the Gender Identity Term:
Identifying with multiple genders
Polygender
Name the Gender Identity Term:
A term used by Indigenous groups for someone who
possess the qualities and spirit of multiple genders
Two-Spirit
The act of imposing or enforcing normative gender
expressions on an individual who is perceived as not adequately performing these via their appearance, behaviour, or the sex that was assigned to them at birth
Gender Policing
What does gender policing aim to do?
Aims to:
+ Uphold traditional gender roles and control gender expression
+ Keep people in line with the sex/gender binary
Gender policing comes in three different forms
Microaggressions
Verbal harassment
Physical violence
What is The Sex/Gender Binary?
The belief that sex is binary (i.e., man or woman) and that our sex determines our gender.
An umbrella term that describes bodies that fall outside of the
strict male/female binary
Used to describe a variety of situations where an individual is born with reproductive or sexual anatomy that doesn’t fit into the male/female binary
Intersex
What is Third sex/gender?
An umbrella term for people across various cultures who go outside usual (normative) sex and gender boundaries
What are the 5 steps/stages of the social construction of gender?
- Gender is assigned based on sex category/genitalia at birth
- Babies are named, dressed, and presented in gender-
specific ways (the colour pink, dresses, and dolls for girls/the colour blue, pants, and trucks for boys) - As children grow up, each gender is socialized differently, and children learn to behave/act accordingly
- In adolescence, sexual feelings/desires are often shaped by gendered norms and expectations
- In adulthood, gender norms and expectations shape views on education, work, parenting, etc.
Define sexual orientation
The attraction one has to others based on one’s sex and/or gender in
relation to another’s sex and/or gender
Where is Patriarchy derived from?
Patriarchy is derived from patriarch in Greek as “rule of the father” within the family.
A “rule of men over women” or a structure where men are valued more highly than women.
Patriarchy
Define feminism
Feminism is a social movement, an ideology, a worldview, and a theoretical perspective
“Feminism is a movement to end sexism, sexist exploitation, and oppression”
Feminism refers ”to all those who seek, no matter on what grounds, to end women’s subordination”
“An awareness of women’s oppression and exploitation in society, at work and within the family, and conscious action by women and men to change this situation”
“Anyone who recognises the existence of sexism (discrimination on the basis of gender), male domination and patriarchy and who takes some action against is, is a feminist”
Feminism means different things to different people and its conceptualization has been shaped by diversity and plurality
True or False: All women identify as Feminist
False
True or False: Women and Men must identify as feminists if they support feminist ideas.
False. Women and men can support feminist ideas but not identify as feminist.
What are four common misconceptions about Feminism?
Feminists are:
“anti-men”
“man-haters”
“unattractive”
seeking special rights
Prejudice or discrimination based on sex or gender, especially against women and girls
Sexism
When did sexism as a term emerge?
From the “second-wave” feminism
The concept is that the genders are separate, with different roles, but equal. In this concept, neither men’s nor women’s work is held to be of higher value – for in the end, it’s believed that all genders are working towards the better good of society as a whole.
Gender parallelism
A metaphor for understanding the ways that multiple
forms of inequality or disadvantage sometimes compound
themselves and create obstacles that often are not
understood among conventional ways of thinking
Intersectionality
“The most important theoretical contribution
that women’s studies, in conjunction with
related fields, has made so far”
Intersectionality
The typical individual of mainstream economic models
“Economic man”
What does “economic man” do?
o Engages in market transactions
o Supports himself by earning an income from paid employment
o Spends the money he earns on consumption goods (food, clothing, vehicles, electronics, etc.)
What doesn’t “economic man” do?
o Housework
o Care work for anyone else
o Give birth
The separation of women and men (or those of different races or ethnic groups) into different types of occupational industries, roles, and tasks
Occupational segregation
Invisible barriers that keep women from promotion to upper management and leadership positions in the business world
The Glass Ceiling
The tendency for women to be appointed to leadership positions that are risky or precarious (e.g., during a time of financial decline, scandal, or crisis)
The Glass Cliff
A phenomenon where women’s pay decreases after having a
child. Also experience: Challenges getting hired for jobs, being perceived as less competent or less dedicated workers
The Motherhood Penalty
A phenomenon where men’s pay increases after having a child
The Fatherhood Bonus
“The way each society divides work among men and women or boys and girls, according to socially established gender roles or what is considered suitable and valuable for each sex”
Gendered Division of Labour
What is domestic labour?
Cleaning and household maintenance, cooking, household errands (shopping for groceries, household supplies, etc.), laundry, caring for children and/or other family members
Why is unpaid, domestic labour considered “invisible”?
Because it is not considered part of the market economy
The situation of women who engage in paid work outside of the
home and unpaid domestic work inside the home
Second Shift
The situation of women who engage in paid work outside of the home,
domestic labour inside the home, and childcare
Third Shift
Unpaid, invisible work performed to keep others happy (often within
households)
E.g., managing family calendars and organizing schedules, soothing
children when upset, writing to-do lists, delegating chores
Emotional Labour
The notion that physically attractive workers are more likely to
be hired, promoted, and earn higher salaries
The Beauty Premium
When people attribute socially desirable personality traits to
physically attractive individuals.
They’re perceived as more confident, intelligent, responsible, trustworthy, emotionally stable, sociable, etc.
The “Halo Effect”
Viewing or treating people as objects
Objectification
When a person is reduced to a sexual object
Sexual objectification
A series of conditions that stand apart from healthy sexuality, such as when a person’s value is perceived to come from their sex appeal or when sexuality is inappropriately imposed on a person
Sexualization
An individual or category of individuals who are given the complete and legitimate status of being a victim when impacted by a crime
The ‘ideal’ victim
5 Common attributes of the ’ideal’ victim include:
Being weak or vulnerable
Involved in a respectable activity at the time of victimization
Blame-free of circumstances
Attacked by a vicious offender
Attacked by someone who is unknown to them
Popular movies are filmed in ways that satisfy heterosexual masculine scopophilia
(Scopophilia: sexual pleasure derived from looking at an object or person)
The Male Gaze
Violence committed against a person “because of their gender, gender expression, gender identity or perceived gender”
Gender-based violence
“Any attack directed against a (usually female) person due, at least in part, to a disadvantaged position within male-dominated social
systems”
Gender-based violence
A process that invalidates the past, takes away the control of the present
and deprives people of the power to define their future.
Colonization
How do women experience double colonization?
Often, women experience oppression of colonialism and patriarchy
simultaneously in colonized societies; women are “twice colonized – by
colonialist realities and representations, and by patriarchal ones, too.”
What is the difference between sex and gender?
Sex: “The different biological and physiological characteristics of females, males, and intersex persons, such as chromosomes, hormones, reproductive organs”
Gender: “The socially constructed roles, behaviours, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men, and gender diverse people”
Describe the Traditionalist view of patriarchy
Male dominance is universal and natural;
Differences between men and women - created by God and nature;
Describe the Biological determinism of patriarchy
Reproductive organs, hormones, physical difference between men and women
Men are stronger physically, they had to provide food while women were mothers and carers therefore men had to protect women.
When did Feminism emerge, and how?
Feminism as a social movement emerged in the 19th century in Europe and North America. However, throughout human history there were women who “rebelled” against women’s oppression (LeGates, 2001).
Next stage of capitalism and industrialization - emergence of trade, towns, markets, print, education, class differences, and gendered economy. Men found more opportunities for employment, for example (Freedman, 2002).
The development of individual rights, self-fulfillment and social contract between the people and the rulers. These new theories raised questions about citizenship and class, gender, and race inequalities (Freedman, 2002).
“Theory of relative status deprivation” (LeGates, 2001, p. 10)
What are the characteristics of Western patriarchy?
Exclusion of women from political authority.
Exclusion from cultural authority.
Division of labour and economic exploitation.
Vulnerability to sexual exploitation.
How is patriarchy expressed in our everyday life?
Patriarchy has been widespread in many parts of the world – it is a global phenomenon.
Cultural: beliefs, traditions, customs, religion, and art.
Socio-economic and socio-political: Patrilineality and patrilocality.
Socio-political: Division of private and public spheres of life.
“Gender parallelism” – complementarity - valuing distinct and overlapping tasks performed by men and women.
What did the First Wave (1850s-1910s) of Feminism focus on?
Rights and equality
Historical context: Capitalism, industrialization, liberalism, and
socialism (LeGates, 2001).
Women’s organizing on various issues, including temperance,
antislavery, and social reform in the U.S., for example (Tobias, 1997).
Seneca Falls Declaration of Sentiments of 1848 and creation of the
National Women’s Suffrage Association (NWSA).
Concerns – civil and political rights: women’s suffrage, property
rights, access to education and work (teaching, medicine,
journalism, etc.); marriage (custody, names, etc.) (LeGates, 2001).`
What did the Second Wave (1960s-1970s) of Feminism focus on?
Oppression and liberation
World War II (1939-1945), communism and the Cold War, civil rights movement, peace activism (nuclear disarmament and Vietnam War), greater labour involvement, the New Left movement. Sexism within the New Left and a focus on women’s liberation (LeGates, 2001).
Liberal feminism with a focus on equal rights but also radical feminism that identified structural disadvantages that women face and patriarchy as the root cause of women’s subordination.
Focus on reproductive rights (abortion and contraception), equal pay, equal access to education, domestic violence, sexual violence and harassment, challenging traditional gender roles, unequal
division of housework, political representation (Freedman, 2002; LeGates, 2001).
Emergence of Black feminist thought (Combahee River Collective, bell hooks, Patricia Hill Collins, Alice Walker): sexism cannot be defeated without defeating racism, classism and homophobia.
What happened in the Third Wave (1990s) of Feminism?
End of the Cold War, American imperialism and wars, neoliberal globalization, HIV/AIDS epidemic, internet, role of media (Freedman, 2002; LeGates, 2001).
Black feminism, transnational feminism, queer feminism (Kang et al., 2017). “Diverse experiences of gendered oppression and the relativity of privileges” (Schuster, 2017, p. 648).
Wage gap, classism, racial discrimination, discrimination of 2SLGBTQ+ people, fluid gender identities, media image, lack of representation, sexual violence and harassment, choice (Kang et al., 2017; Schuster, 2017).
Personal empowerment - “everyday feminism” (Schuster, 2017).
What happened in the Fourth Wave (2010s) of Feminism?
Internet, social media (Instagram and twitter); the Everyday Sexism project (https://everydaysexism.com/), All Male Panels Tumblr .
Campaigns against body shaming, for women’s empowerment, sexual harassment and violence, and the deconstruction of gender norms
New language: cis, WoC, TERF (Munro, 2013).
What are the three main branches of Feminism?
How do they differ from each other?
Liberal, radical, and socialist
They differ in how they analyze source of inequality and how they want to address it.
Describe Liberal Feminism
Context: Liberalism as 19th century ideology that centres reason and individualism; French Revolution with its slogan “liberty, equality, and fraternity” (Freedman, 2002). 19th century concerns: right to property, right to vote; 20th century concerns: discrimination against women (Jaggar, 1983).
Arguments: Humans are rational beings, protection of individual’s autonomy and self-fulfillment, individual rights to freedom from intervention, freedom of expression, rights to privacy. Liberal
principles should apply to both men and women. Laws should grant same rights to men and women. Equality within public life (Jaggar, 1983).
Vision: Equal opportunity for men and women; meritocracy but also some support for affirmative action (Jaggar, 1983).
Strategies: Changing laws to ensure gender equality; reasoned arguments, educating the public, sex- blindness in application and formulation of laws; to elect more women in public offices, no state
intervention in freedom of speech and information (pornography), right to privacy (no restrictions on abortion, contraception, and pornography) (Jaggar, 1983).
Critiques: Equality of opportunity does not address deep structural inequalities and requires state intervention; legal change does not directly lead to socio-cultural change; focus on upper-class, heterosexual and Western women (Jaggar, 1983; Sahu, 2023; Tong, 2019).
Describe Radical Feminism
Context: Emerged in the 1960s among white, middle-class, college-educated American women as a result of women’s involvement in the New Left, anti-war, Civil Rights movements.
Arguments: Patriarchy is the cause of women’s subordination; “personal” areas of life (family and sexuality) are the instruments of patriarchal domination; male domination is the cause of sexual harassment and violence; female culture - women are nurturing; male culture as the cause of women’s oppression;
Strategies: To change gender norms; fight against men and male domination; women should organize as a class; stop glorifying masculinity and disparaging femininity; challenge values of male culture; empower women to re-claim strong womanhood; build woman culture and sisterhood; personal is political; escape forced motherhood and sexual slavery; control one’s own body; create woman space; separatism in intimate relationships; challenge the institution of marriage and heterosexuality.
Vision: Abolishment of patriarchy, women’s empowerment
Critiques: Does not address material reasons for male domination; narrow definition of womanhood; classist and racist; biological determinism/essentialism
Describe Socialist Feminism
Context: Marxist analysis of capitalism – the haves and the have-nots, women were subordinated because of capitalism. Socialist feminism is influenced by Marxism and radical feminism (Freedman, 2002; Jaggar, 1983).
Arguments: Source of women’s subordination is both capitalism and patriarchy: capitalism is based on controlling means of production and reproduction. Both men and women of a working class are victims of capitalism. Sexual division of labour and women’s labour is not as appreciated; family and workplace exploit women – double day/burden; Gender has been socially imposed from childhood; ideas about masculinity and femininity have been constructed historically and alienate men and women not allowing them to realize their potential (Freedman, 2002; Jaggar, 1983; Van Voorhis, 2017).
Strategies: Reorganize forms of production and eliminate distinction between female and male work; reproductive freedom (men participate in childrearing, support to mothers, daycares, e.g.); organizing to address gendered economic inequality; abolish compulsory heterosexuality (Jaggar, 1983).
Vision: Restructuring of social and economic structures and women’s liberation (Freedman, 2002).
Critiques: What about individual desires of individual women? Racism (Jaggar, 1983).
Who is Kimberle Crenshaw?
Coined the term “intersectionality” in a paper: Demarginalizing the Intersection of Race and Sex: A Black Feminist Critique of Antidiscrimination Doctrine, Feminist Theory and Antiracist Politics
Scholar of critical race theory, civil rights, social justice, Black feminist legal theory, and race/racism and the law
Professor of Law at Columbia Law School & UCLA School of Law
Activism: #SayHerName campaign
What are the origins of intersectionality?
Developed out of Black feminist thought in the 19th century
Black women involved in both “a woman question” and a “race problem”
Divisions between the “sex” and “race” emancipation struggles
“Proto-intersectional” analyses identified as early as the 1830’s in Black feminism
Mostly through activist organizing and campaigning that challenged racism and sexism simultaneously
Recognition not just of multiple identities, but of multiple systems of oppression that work together and reinforce one another
What are the critiques of intersectionality?
A lack of clearly defined intersectional methodology.
The use of Black women as prototypical intersectional subjects.
The ambiguous definition of intersectionality.
The coherence between intersectionality and lived experiences of multiple identities.
What are the general features of feminist economics?
- An understanding of gender as a fundamental category of analysis in economics
- The need to value unpaid domestic labour and caregiving
- The use of human wellbeing as a measure of economic success
- The implementation of intersectional analysis, taking into consideration the different social layers that define people’s lives and identities
- The belief in the importance of social action and in the need to incorporate ethical judgments in economic analysis
Why is there a gender pay gap?
- Women’s underrepresentation in leadership roles
- Differences in working hours
- Occupational segregation and “feminized” jobs
- Education
- Time out of the workforce
- Unexplained parts of the gap
How can intersectionality be applied in social work?
Implications for practitioners:
1. Continuously develop critical and structural analyses of issues clients face
2. Practice self-awareness and critical self-reflection, particularly regarding privilege
3. Subvert normative power dynamics
What is the impact of domestic labour on women?
- Mental and physical health (Gladu, 2021; Seedat & Rondon, 2021):
o Increased cortisol levels
o Anxiety
o Depression
o Stress
o Isolation
o Burnout
o Less time to rest - Economic security and paid labour (Gladu, 2021):
o Ability to participate in the paid labour force
o Career progression
o General economic security (income, pension, etc.)
How did the feminist views on reproduction evolve?
- Women were concerned about “excessive sexual demands on wives” (Freedman, 2002, p. 232).
- Women’s rights to refuse marital sex to avoid pregnancy (Freedman, 2002).
- Early feminists associated condoms with easier access to prostitutes (Freedman, 2002).
- Abortions were unsafe and could lead to death (Davis, 1982).
- In the 1960s-70s – radical feminism and issue of abortion now was starting to be framed as a right. Many women spoke of their own abortions and death from illegal abortion was an issue.
- Feminists fought for the right to choose. This is also the time of the Abortion Caravan in Canada. In 1973, Roe v. Wade legalized abortion in the first two trimesters of pregnancy.
What are the expressions of eurocentrism in our understanding of beauty?
- Eurocentrism: Reflecting a tendency to interpret the world in terms of European or Anglo-American values and experiences (Merriam-Webster, n.d.)
- Beauty standards that favour European features
o Lighter coloured skin
o Lighter coloured eyes (blue, green,hazel)
o Small noses
o Straight hair
What are the feminist pro-choice arguments?
- Legal abortion is often safe, illegal is unsafe.
- Woman’s body - woman’s choice.
- The decision is intimate and therefore, a private matter – nobody can interfere into women’s decisions.
- Women should be able to control their own reproduction and sexuality.
- Women are affected uniquely by pregnancy, therefore they should be the ones to decide.
- Women should not be forced to abort and they should feel safe to give birth
- Fetuses are not persons are dependent on women’s body.
What is the relationship between eugenics and sterilization?
- Eugenics – “race suicide” and “fears of race degeneration” (Freedman, 2002, p. 233).
- Eugenicists supported the sterilization of other races, the poor, the immigrants, and the disabled.
- In Sweden, over 60,000 “racially and socially inferior people” were sterilized (Freedman, 2002, p. 233).
- In the US and Canada, Indigenous women, people with disabilities,1/3 of Puerto Ricans, Black people, and the poor were sterilized without consent. The clinics did not offer information about contraception and offered only sterilization to women.
- White women were not allowed to be sterilized unless they had several children.
Domestic labour within heterosexual and 2SLGBTQ+ relationships, do they differ?
- Research shows that same-sex couples generally divide domestic labour in a more egalitarian manner than heterosexual couples
- Van Der Vleuten and colleagues (2021) examined the division of labour amongst
same-sex couples in 7 Western countries:
o Lesbian couples spent slightly less time in the paid labour force than gay couples
o Both lesbian and gay couples divided their paid work equally
o Lesbian couples divided domestic tasks more equally than gay couples
o Children increased inequality in the division of labour - Tornello (2020) noted an egalitarian division of labour amongst transgender and
nonbinary couples
What is reproductive justice and how does this differ from the discussion on reproductive rights?
- Reproductive rights are not only a choice and access to abortion, but also it is about achieving and fighting for reproductive justice, especially for Indigenous women and women of color.
- Reproductive justice includes:
- (1) the right to have a child;
- (2) the right not to have a child;
- (3) the right to parent own children;
- (4) the right to control birthing options, such as midwifery;
- (5) the right to parent children in safe and healthy environments
What is the typology of gender-based violence?
- Self-directed violence (self-starvation, e.g.)
- Interpersonal violence
- Intimate partner violence; intimate partner sexual assault
- Sexual violence (rape, sexual assault, sexual harassment)
- Human trafficking
- Stalking
- Technology-facilitated violence
- Femicide
- Gender-based microaggressions
- Collective violence
- Custom-based (FGM, honour killings, neglect of girls versus boys, child marriage).
- Rape as a weapon of war
- MMIWG Kerr, 2022
What are the theoretical perspectives on GBV and how do they differ from each other?
- Biological: Head injury, infection, genetics – eliminates responsibility for the offender.
- Psychological: personality disorder, psychopathology, substance use, etc. – limited capability to explain causes of violence, including structural ones.
- Feminist: cycle of violence, learned helplessness, coercive control, power and control, patriarchy.
- Sociological: social learning theory, resource theory, social norms, nested ecological framework.
What are the discussions around terms victim and survivor?
- Victim/survivor
- Some feminists advocate for the use of the term “survivor”
- it recognizes women’s agency: many women resist. They are not just victims.
- Others argue for the use of victim
- It can centre the structural causes of GBV.
- Forces victims to be strong.
What is intimate partner violence?
“Intimate partner violence (IPV) - actual or threatened physical, psychological, or sexual violence by a current or former partner - is the most common violence perpetrated against women”
What are the 7 forms of intimate partner violence?
- Physical violence
- hitting, kicking, shoving, attacking with a weapon, hair pulling, throwing objects, punching walls, driving recklessly on purpose, forcing the use of drugs, threatening to hurt themselves, etc.
- Sexual violence
- any sexual act or attempt to obtain sexual act by violence or coercion, trafficking a person, act directed against person’s sexuality, such as unwanted sexual contact (kissing, touching, or sex), forcing to watch pornography, restricting access to birth control, pressuring for sex, etc.
- Psychological violence
- manipulation, control, belittling, threats, including Insulting, name-calling, constantly criticizing, threats to hurt those you love or you, stalking, isolating, cheating, threats to cheat, using wrong pronouns, etc.
- Economic abuse
- preventing from working and earning money, restricting access to finances, monitoring spending, taking money/other resources from the victim without permission.
- TFIPV
- use of technology to abuse the person, including monitoring through social media, threats online, ghosting to punish, monitor location, etc.
- Coercive control
- Control or coercion of the other person. Very difficult to identify.
- Post-separation abuse, and other ways
What is the impact of intimate partner violence?
- Physical health-related: fractures, injuries, death.
- Mental health-related: anxiety, depression, PTSD, substance use and self-harm
- Socio-economic impact: difficulty to find a job, loss of housing, etc.
- Socio-political impact: loss of immigration status, barriers to accessing justice
- Impact on interpersonal relationships and social isolation: difficulty to make friends isolation, reputation damage, etc.
- Impact on mothering and children: accused of alienating children’s fathers, intensive mothering, etc.
What is the difference between formal and informal help-seeking for IPV?
- Informal help-seeking is seeking help from friends and family, neighbours and colleagues at work.
- Formal help-seeking is seeking help from social services, police, shelter, CFS, and others.
- Less than 40 % of the women who experience violence seek help of any sort.
- Among women who do seek help, most look to family and friends and very few look to formal institutions, such as police and health services.
- Fewer than 10 per cent of those seeking help reported to the police. UN, 2023
