Final Exam Review Questions Flashcards by Dustin Lenz

Why is someone at altitude Hypoxic?

Low partial pressure of oxygen. Deficient oxygen.

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How do you do determine if the oxygen is adequate for a person to perform at altitude?

Need to calculate what minimum oxygen is required for altitude.

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How many mm of mercury do you need for proper oxygen.

104mm of mercury is how much you want.

Pressure X percentage

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Definition of homeostasis

Body is in an environment for peak human performance.

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What causes trapped gas?

Gas that is not set where it can’t escape. Boyle’s Law

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Where do trapped gas problems form?

Stomach
Sinuses
Inner Ear
Teeth

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On Ascent where is trapped gas usually found?

Gut and Teeth

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On Descent where is trapped gas usually found?

Sinuses and Ears

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What is decompression sickness:

Where gas comes out of a solution where it wasn’t before. Henry’s Law

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When does decompression sickness occur:

Occurs rapid decompression or diving

Decreasing pressure.

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Where are evolved gas problems found?

Skin
Joints
Brain
Chokes

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Symptoms of Evolved gas

Pain
Shortness of breath
Unable to keep up
Skin rash
Confusion
Situational awareness loss
Shaking

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How do you treat Evolved Gas Problems

Descend + 100% oxygen for nitrogen out of.

Hyperbaric Chamber

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SCREAM List and explain

Supply
Connections
Regulator
Emergency
Adjustment
Mask Condition

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Natural Course of Cabin Fire

Fumes overhead (cause of combustion)
Flammable gases come out but aren’t hot enough yet,
Ignite at 400 and goes to 1200 minimum in those cabins
Oxygen consumption

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Common Oxygen Storage:

Gas :
High (1800-2000) Green
Low (400-450) Yellow

Liquid (Blue)

Solid State (sodium chlorate candles)

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Two types of pressurization common in airlines and what they mean:

Isobaric – stays at cabin altitude

Isobaric differential – changes with flight altitude

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Why do we pressurize?

DCS Hypoxia and some Trapped Gas

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Conditions for Black Hole Approach

Lack of visual information

Landing & long straight in approach

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Elevator Illusion Rhyme:

Pop Down Pitch down

Pop up pitch up

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What illusion occurs by looking down in steady state turn

Coriolis Illusion

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Sudden forward acceleration : what illusion and what happens

Sudden forward acceleration :
Pitch up feeling with acceleration
Somatogravic

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When do you expect inversion illusion: and what Gz

Abrupt level off. –Gz

CREEP

C ontainer
R estraint
E nergy (crush zones, airbags but also are restraint)
E nvironment (breakaway controls)
P ost crash

Only illusion that gives a rolling sensation :

Coriolis Illusion

Positive Gz LOC Symptoms / Sequence:

``` Symptoms: Tunnel Vision Pass Out Black Out Incapacitation Relative incapacitation ```

Prevention or Counteracting of Gz

``` G Strain G Suits Hydration Reclining Seat Pull out of G ```

+Gz decreased when you’re:

``` Dehydrated Tall Thin Low Blood Pressure Active Runners Hypoxic Sickness Intoxication ```

Push Pull effect sequence:

-Gz to +Gz

Why is push pull important to know about.

GLOC occurs at much lower rate

Container Characteristics of : ``` Light : Medium Large Transport: High Wing: Float Planes: Helicopters: ```

Light : Engine and Gear go inward to passengers. Hit nose low – curl and lose longitudinal stability. Large Exits Medium Transport:Bellly strike splits and exposes runway. Smallest exits Large Transport: Huge fuel stores . 150 knots or more is dangerous but common. Lot of crush zone. High Wing: Wings flap over exits Float Planes: Hit and turn and flip lots of energy applied to passgeners. Helicopters; FOD coming straight down.

How does injury pattern analysis used in aviation?

Good information on how to understand how the aircraft crashed, amount of energy applied to people.

``` Injuries: Flail: Control: Skull Fracture: Crowbar: ```

Flail: Back of hands, top of the feet. Didn’t have control on impact. Control: Up into ankles, balled. Had control during impact. Skull Fracture: Run back from impact. See pattern. Crowbar: Bend your back pushed forward nad back doesn’t bed snapping column.

Fatigue Effects (Human performance)

Priorities Risk analysis is altered Noncompliance

Fatigue Management Strategies:

Dark Humid Cool Sleep | Caffeine 200mg or less

Circadian Shifting:

Load all calories by the time we’re done eating lunch. | Exercise on front half other new day

Temporary Threshold Shift:

Hearing loss temporary Muscles are holding momentarily Indication of hearing loss

How do you detect permanent noise induced hearing loss:

4,000hz

Limit for 8 hours without protection

90db

Hearing protection what does it do:

Decreases intensity. Lowering Db

Resonance in humans occurs when

Frequency is low | Intensity is high

What direction of vibration is worst for humans

: vertical is harder to compensate but is most common

Form of Ionizing radiation causes most damage

Cosmic Radiation

Limits of exposure

20 per year in any 5 year run. More than twenty just has to be less than 100 or average of 20 . NO more than 50 in a year.

Priorities in Survival Setting:

Don’t Panic Body Temperature Control Water Food

Essential Asset to survive:

WILL TO LIVE #1

What’s needed for homeostasis

Oxygen Temperature. Pressure

Are passenger oxygen systems built to maintain homeostasis?

Passenger oxygen systems are not to provide peak performance, it’s to keep them alive until you get them down quickly.

How can you correct for hypoxia?

Descend | Get on Oxygen

4 types of hypoxia, why they happen and examples.

Hypoxic – inadequate partial pressure in lungs Drowning suffocation strangulation Hypemic – Blood isn’t transporting oxygen Carbon Monoxide poisoning, Stagnant – Lack of adequate blood flow -High +Gz , Blood loss, fluid shift, strokes, Reestablish circulation Histotoxic - Tissues are damaged Drinking, Smoking, Cyanide (seats) Anything with nitrogen in it. Medication to treat the cells

What are the mechanisms that control the respiratory rate?

1. Carbon Dioxide 2. Involuntary Control 3. Oxygen

Normal Respiratory Rate

12-16 per minute

EPT Definition and Times from 180 250 430

EPT – Time of exposure to hypoxic environments until you can no longer perform in an effective manner. 180 20-30min 250 3-5 min 430 9 sec

Factors that effect EPT

Altitude | Metabolism

What is hyperventilation:

Co2 loss due to abnormal increase in rate of breathing

Causes of Hyperventilation

Fear Anxiety Stress Tension