Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Research Methods > Final Exam Review Questions > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Questions Flashcards

1
Q

You are planning on driving to Denver for a concert this
weekend. You know that parking downtown is free after 6pm.
Your friend tells you that parking attendants usually leave work
early on Fridays, so if you park at 5:45, you don’t need to pay for
parking. Your friend says they have done this many times and
never got a ticket, so you will be fine too. You decide to park at
5:45 and not pay for parking. What kind of evidence are you
relying on?
A. Authority
B. Intuition
C. Scientific method
D. Pseudoscience
E. Anecdotal evidence

A

E. anecdotal evidence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is true about peer review process?
A. Paper can be rejected at any point in the review process
B. All papers that are submitted are sent out for peer
review
C. Authors get to choose who reviews their papers
D. The process is relatively fast, taking a few weeks

A

A. papers can be rejected at any point in the review process

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

You find a paper that combines a number of
other papers on the same topic, and
statistically analyzes all of the data to see if
there is an overall significant effect. What is
this type of paper called?
A. Review article
B. Meta-analysis
C. Journal article
D. Edited book chapter

A

B. met-analysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is the difference between primary
and secondary research?
A.One is more important than the other
B.Secondary research is done by authors with lesser
expertise
C.Primary research presents original data
D.Primary research is talked about first in a paper, and
secondary research is mentioned second

A

C. primary research presents original data

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What does the C stand for in the
CRAAP test?
A.Currency
B.Cost
C.Characteristics
D.Consensus

A

A. currency

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Jamie has a great idea for a research project. She jumps
right into coming up with how to test her research question
and making a questionnaire for participants to complete. The
night before her paper is due, she does a literature review.
Unfortunately, she is having a hard time coming up with
arguments justifying her research question. What step did
Jamie miss completing?
A.Choosing a topic that is interesting to her
B.Narrowing down her topic
C.Aligning her research question with a knowledge gap
D.Doing her literature review
E.Making sure her research question has an IV and a DV

A

C. aligning her research question with a knowledge gap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Research question: Is there a link
between TV watching and obesity?
What would be a valid directional
hypothesis?
A. Higher TV watching is related to higher obesity
B. There is an association between TV watching and obesity
C. Higher TV watching is related to higher calorie consumption

A

A. higher TV watching is related to higher obesity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

You recruit a sample of 6-year-olds and
sort them into 2 groups. You give one group
an iPad to use for 2 hours/day and ask the
other group to play as they usually would
for 2 hours/day. Then you measure their
attention at the end of the month. What
kind of independent variable was used in
this example?
A. Attribute independent variable
B. Active independent variable

A

B. active independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

You recruit a sample of 6-year-olds. You
ask them if they have an iPad at home
and then measure their attention span.
What kind of independent variable was
used in this example?
A. Attribute independent variable
B. Active independent variable

A

A. attribute independent variable

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Which type of research design can say X
caused Y (cause and effect)?
A.Experimental
B.Non-experimental

A

A. experimental

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

You recruit a sample of 6-year-olds and sort
them into 2 groups based parent preference.
You give one group an iPad to use for 2
hours/day and ask the other group to play as
they usually would for 2 hours/day. Then you
measure their attention at the end of the month.
What kind of experimental design was used in
this example?
A. True experimental design
B. Quasi-experimental design

A

B. quasi-experimental design

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the major difference between
true experimental and quasi-
experimental research design?
A.Use of quantitative methods
B.Use of qualitative methods
C.Random assignment
D.Ability to describe the relationship
E.One sounds funny when you say it

A

C. random assignment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is a valid reason why we might
have to use a quasi-experimental
research design?
A. Too expensive to randomly assign
B. Assigning IV group would be unethical
C. Easier to recruit participants if they choose their own group

A

B. assigning IV group would be unethical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

In studies of adult development and older
adulthood, the participants who do not come back for
further testing tend to be sicker, have lower education,
and have lower cognitive ability. That means that
healthier, more highly educated, and more cognitively
able adults complete all waves of the study. We get our
results 5 years later. Which conclusion would be
correct?
A. Our results apply to healthy older adults
B. Our results are from a good representation of all older adults
C. Our results apply to sicker older adults

A

A. our results apply to healthy older adults

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dr. Zoom conducts a study on college students’
wellbeing during April, 2020, height of the COVID-19
pandemic. They find that 77% of students are feeling
stressed out and having challenges focusing while studying.
They decide to conduct this study again in April, 2023, and
are surprised to find that this time, over half of all college
students report feeling happy and focused at school. What
could account for the difference in findings?
A. Small number of participants
B. Longitudinal design
C. Selective attrition
D. Cohort effect

A

D. cohort effect

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is the major difference between a
cross-sectional and longitudinal study?
A. Cross-sectional works best for a single cohort
B. Longitudinal tests participants more than once
C. Longitudinal are relatively faster to complete
D. Cross-sectional involve fewer participants

A

B. longitudinal tests participants more than once

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

_____________ designs tell us about
differences, while ___________ designs inform us
about change.
A.Cross-sectional; longitudinal
B.Longitudinal; cross-sectional
C.Retrospective; cross-sectional
D.Longitudinal; prospective

A

A. cross sectional ; longitudinal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Can we measure aging in a cross-sectional
study? Can we say that effort towards health
increases with age?
A. Yes
B. No

A

B. no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

________ research designs focus on asking
people about their past, while __________
research designs follow people going forward.
A.Burst; sequential
B.Sequential; burst
C.Prospective; retrospective
D.Retrospective; prospective

A

D. retrospective ; prospective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Dr. Bielak is interested in studying all
of the daycares in Fort Collins, but only
has access to two of them: ABC Daycare,
and What a wonderful world daycare.
In this example, the population is:
A. The two daycare centers
B. The daycares that will not be tested
C. All the daycares in Fort Collins

A

C. all the daycares in Fort Collins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is an outlier?
A.A statistical alien
B.Most common score
C.When the mean is higher than the mode
D.Uncommonly high or low score

A

D. uncommonly high or low score

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Which measure of central tendency is
heavily influenced by outliers?
A. Mean
B. Median
C. Mode
D. Ramamama

A

A. mean

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Why is it important to have a measure of
variability?
A.They are not influenced by outliers.
B.They tell us about the deviation from the maximum score.
C.Can have two distributions with the same mean but different
amounts of variability

A

C. can have two distributions with the same mean but different amounts of variability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

James finds a sample mean of 12 and a SD of 4.
Sarah finds a sample mean of 12 and a SD of 8.
Which person’s sample has more variability?
A.James
B.Sarah

A

B. sarah

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Is there such a thing as too much
variability?
A.Yes
B.No

A

A. yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

A 3rd grade teacher finds that 65% of the
kids in her class prefer pepperoni pizza over
cheese pizza.
A 4th grade teacher finds that only 56% of the
kids in her class prefer pepperoni pizza over
cheese pizza.
How do we know if this is a real difference?
A.The difference is 9%, so that is big enough to be real difference.
B.We calculate the standard deviation.
C.We run an inferential statistic test.
D.There are more vegetarians in 4th grade so this difference is a
measurement error.

A

C. we run an inferential statistics test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Can we say that we accept the null
hypothesis?
A.No
B.Yes
C.I’m a bit lost

A

A. No

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

A high school principal examines if teachers use the water
fountain more than students. Because the teachers are always
walking around with coffee cups, she assumes students use it more
and has the water fountain removed from the teachers lounge. She
later learns teachers drink water too and made an error assuming
otherwise.
* What type of error was made?
A. Type I
B. Type 2

A

A. Type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Inferential statistics tell us about the
likelihood that the results we have are either: 1)
due to chance, or 2) __________.
A. can be summarized by descriptive statistics
B. show a skewed distribution
C. reflect a real difference/association in the population

A

C.reflect a real difference/association in the population

30
Q

To know if the result is due to chance, we look
at the p-value. What value does the p-value need
to be lower than to be significant?
A. .10
B. 1.00
C. .50
D. .05

A

D. .05

31
Q

We are examining the link between
water intake and scores on an exam. We
find p = .088.
What would we conclude?
A. We reject the null hypothesis and accept the
alternative hypothesis
B. We fail to reject the null hypothesis.

A

B. we fail to reject the null hypothesis

32
Q

Which one of the following numbers
could NOT be a correlation coefficient?
A. -.99
B. +.71
C. +1.02
D. +.01
E. +.38

A

C. +.71

33
Q

Which of the following correlations
indicates the weakest negative relationship?
A. -.29
B. +.08
C. -.42
D. +.01
E. -.28

A

E. -.28

34
Q

Isla finds a difference in energy levels
for those who drink coffee and those
who do not. What type of statistic did
she use?
A.Correlation
B.T-test
C.ANOVA

A

B. T-test

35
Q

What is the correct order for an
introduction?
A. Problem, arguments using past research, research
questions and hypotheses
B. Arguments using past research, problem, research
questions and hypotheses
C. Research questions and hypotheses, arguments using
past research, problem
D. Research questions and hypotheses, problem,
arguments using past research

A

A. Problem. arguments using past research, research questions and hypothesis

36
Q

Example section in introduction (last paragraph):
“The first research question is to examine whether it
really does rain “cats and dogs”. We expect to find that
more dogs are rained down than cats. Our null
hypothesis is that there is no difference in the amount of
dogs and cats that are rained down.”
What is wrong with the above section?
A. Using the word “expect” instead of hypothesize
B. Failing to state clarify the “research” hypothesis
C. Stating the null hypothesis
D. This section should come earlier than the last
paragraph
E. Forgetting about the squirrels!

A

C. stating the null hypothesis

37
Q

You come across an article that has the
following methods sections: Subjects, Participants,
Measures, Materials, Procedure, and Statistical
Analysis. What is wrong with this?
A. Do not need both subjects and participants
B. Do not need both measures and materials
C. Procedures is not needed
D. Statistical analysis should come earlier in the methods
E. A and B

A

E. A and B

38
Q

A researcher examined how often people
engaged one another in a conversation while
waiting in the grocery store line during
COVID-19.
What is the best way to describe this type of
data collection method?
A.Physiological
B.Observational
C.Survey
D.Standardized

A

B. observational

39
Q

In the reference list, what part of a
reference should be italicized for a journal
article?
A.Journal name, volume number
B.Article title, journal name
C.Volume number and pages
D.Journal name, pages

A

A. journal name, volume number

40
Q

Assuming we are writing a standard methods
section, which sections will we be writing and
what is the correct order of them?
A.Sample, Procedure, Questionnaires, Statistical Design and Analysis
B.Procedure, Questionnaires, Compensation, Participants, Statistical
Design and Analysis
C.Participants, Questionnaires, Measures, Procedure, Statistical
Design and Analysis
D.Participants, Measures, Procedure, Statistical Design and Analysis

A

D. participants, measures, procedure, statistical design and analysis

41
Q

The notes told us that 162 participants
were tested. How do we know that?
A.Mean
B.N
C.SD
D.I didn’t see that information.

A

B. N

42
Q

Does every article have a statistical
design/plan section in the methods section?
A. Of course
B. No
C. Only if the statistics are complex
D. The fact that you are asking this is making me uncertain…

A

C. only if the statistics are complex

43
Q

For the associational question, we will use _________.
A. Pearson’s r
B. t-test

A

A. Person’s r

44
Q

With the recent legalization of marijuana in
Colorado, you are wondering how this has
affected teens’ likelihood of trying the drug.
Which hypothesis fits this research question?
You predict that __________
A.teens are more likely to use marijuana compared to young adults
B.teens have changed in their likelihood to try marijuana
compared to before
C.teens who try other drugs are more likely to try marijuana than
before

A

B. teens have changed in their likelihood to try marijuana compared to before

45
Q

What is the main difference between
probabilistic and nonprobabilistic sampling
techniques?
A.Number of participants sampled
B.How often participants were sampled
C.Whether the participants were randomly sampled
D.Whether the participants were interviewed in person or
on the phone

A

C. whether the participants were randomly sampled

46
Q

Which is appropriate to do in the results
section an article?
A.Telling the reader about the figure where they can find more
information about the results
B.Talking about why you got the result
C.Making a table that only has one number in it
D.Talking about the most exciting result first

A

A. telling the reader about the figure where they can find more

47
Q

You are reading a draft of the discussion
section of a paper. You see the following
pieces in the discussion: review of main
findings, why they think the results were
found, limitations, and conclusions. What is
still missing?
A.Why they chose those hypotheses
B.Figures
C.Description of the questionnaires used
D.Link with previous studies

A

D. link with previous studies

48
Q

Is there a difference between kids who grow
up with parents who are divorced and those
whose parents are married?
Which critical aspect is missing from this research
question?
A. Ages of kids
B. How to classify kids whose parents get remarried
C. DV

A

C. DV

49
Q

Which types of variables can be classified as
categorical or continuous?
A. IV
B. DV
C. Both IV and DV
D. Extraneous
E. All of the above

A

E. all of these

50
Q

Variable of chocolate preference: milk, dark, white
What is the type of scale?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio

A

A. nominal

51
Q

Anxiety in social situations: very anxious,
somewhat anxious, neutral, somewhat not
anxious, very not anxious
What is the type of scale?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio

A

B. ordinal

52
Q

Which is NOT a characteristic of ratio
variables?
A. Continuous
B. Has a true zero
C. Based on names
D. Has a wide range of values

A

C. based on names

53
Q

Interval or ratio variables should not be
regrouped into nominal or ordinal measures.
A. True
B. False

A

A. true

54
Q

You are discussing your research findings with
a classmate. Your classmate asks you if there are
any other possible explanations for why children
who enrolled in the Healthy Kids intervention ate
better food at home as compared to the control
group.
What form of validity is your classmate reviewing
with you?
A. Internal validity
B. Construct validity
C. External validity
D. Test-retest validity

A

A. internal validty

55
Q

You read an interesting research article which states
that adults who exercised 10 minutes a day reported
better moods than did those who exercised 0 minutes a
day. The sample was comprised of 70- to 80- year-old
adults living in residential care. You tell all your friends
at college that they really only need to exercise for
about 10 minutes a day.
What form of validity are you neglecting to check?
A. Internal
B. Construct
C. External
D. Internal consistency

A

C. external

56
Q

A researcher is writing a research article
reporting on her findings from a recent study.
In the discussion section, she describes other
alternative explanations for the results, but
how these are unlikely. What has the
researcher demonstrated by discussing this?
A. External validity
B. Internal validity
C. Construct validity

A

B. internal validity

57
Q

Is it possible for a measure to be reliable but
not valid?
A. Yes
B. Sometimes
C. No

A

A. yes

58
Q

You are completing an online survey and come
across a question you are positive you answered a few
screens ago. A few minutes later, you come across yet
another set of very similar questions. What type of
reliability is the researcher likely trying to address?
A. Test-retest
B. Inter-rater
C. Intra-rater
D. Internal consistency

A

D. internal consistency

59
Q

Why do you think money or related
compensation cannot be considered a “benefit”
to the participant in research ethics?
A. Because it is usually a very small amount of money
B. Because the amount of compensation is not usually worth the
participant’s time
C. Because the compensation could make the participant consent to a
very risky study
D. Because people should want to have other types of benefits like
improved health

A

C. because the compensation could make the participant consent to a very risky study

60
Q

A researcher is conducting a study on
satisfaction of owning a pet. She asks individuals
walking out of a pet supply store to complete her
survey on a clipboard. The questions include: type of
animal, pet’s name, age of animal, how long they
have owned the animal, and to rate their
satisfaction with owning this animal.
Is this study ethical?
A.Yes
B.No
C.Not sure

A

B.No

61
Q

Which ethical issue was violated in
the Facebook study?
A. Anonymity
B. Risks vs. benefits
C. Volunteerism
D. Informed consent

A

D. informed consent (and C)

62
Q

The following is a list of potential behaviors by
a researcher. Which one(s) are unethical?
A. Pressured participant to sign consent form
B. Provided compensation for participating in study
C. Organized data by participant’s name
D. A and B
E. A and C

A

E. A and C

63
Q

A friend of yours completes a research study done on campus.
They tell you that after signing the consent form to participate in
the study, they had to complete a challenging math test on a
computer. The researcher told them that they did really poorly on
the math test. Then they completed some questionnaires about
their mood. After the study, your friend says they were given a
form telling them that the feedback they received about their
math score wasn’t true; instead they were in the “poor
performance” condition.
What ethical issue is this an example of?
A. Deception
B. Risks outweigh benefits
C. Pressured to consent
D. Failure to withdraw at any time during study

A

A. deception

64
Q

Every time that the father of a
professional tennis player attends their
match, the player loses. This had led the
father to refuse to attend any of their
daughter’s tennis matches, as he says his
attendance makes her lose the game.
What type of evidence is he relying on?
A. Authority
B. Intuition
C. Scientific method
D. Pseudoscience
E. Anecdotal evidence

A

E. anecdotal evidence

65
Q

Which section of a research article
briefly summarizes the hypotheses or
research questions, the way the variables
were operationalized, and the results?
A. The abstract
B. The introduction
C. The method
D. The discussion

A

A. the abstract

66
Q

After assessing depression among older adults’
with and without disabilities, Maggie realized that
socioeconomic status, type of disability, and gender
could be influencing the results. Here,
socioeconomic status, type of disability, and gender
are all examples of ______________ variables?
A. dependent
B. independent
C. extraneous/confounding
D. outcome

A

C. extraneous/cofounding

67
Q

Do women undergoing cancer treatments with
female doctors feel more optimistic about their futures
than women receiving cancer treatments from male
doctors?
What is the null hypothesis in the study?
A. Women undergoing cancer treatments with female doctors will not feel
more optimistic about their futures than women receiving cancer
treatments from male doctors.
B. Women undergoing cancer treatments with female doctors will feel
more optimistic about their futures than women receiving cancer
treatments from male doctors.
C. Women undergoing cancer treatments with female doctors will feel less
optimistic about their futures than women receiving cancer treatments
from male doctors.

A

A. Women undergoing cancer treatments with female doctors will not feel
more optimistic about their futures than women receiving cancer
treatments from male doctors.

68
Q

Which research question is
descriptive?
a. The impact of randomly providing a 6-week subscription to the
New York times on people’s happiness level
b. Relationship between attitudes toward aging and levels of
depression
c. Political polls gauging public support for GMO labelling
d. Course involvement as a predictor of exam performance in a
psychology class

A

C. political polls gauging public support for GMO labelling

69
Q

A sequential study combines which
research designs?
A. Prospective and longitudinal
B. Cross-sectional and longitudinal
C. Longitudinal and burst
D. Cross-sectional and retrospective

A

B. cross sectional and longitudinal

70
Q

When it comes to hypothesis testing, if
we have a significant finding we have
_________.
A. rejected the null hypothesis
B. rejected the alternative hypothesis
C. accept the null hypothesis
D. failed to reject the null hypothesis

A

A. rejected the null hypothesis

71
Q

A researcher is investigating differences
in anxiety levels between students of
different class rankings. The possible class
labels were “freshman”, “sophomore”,
“junior”, and “senior”. What level of
measurement is represented by the
variable “class ranking”?
A. Nominal
B. Ordinal
C. Interval
D. Ratio

A

B. ordinal

72
Q

Two different groups of researchers are
studying dancing ability. One group uses the
ability to go into the full splits as their measure
of dancing ability, and the other group uses
how high a dancer can leap as their measure.
The two groups differ in what?
A. Conceptual definition
B. Type of research question
C. Relevance of research question
D. Operational definition

A

D. operational defintion

Research Methods (2 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions