Final Exam Review Cumulative Flashcards
Do individuals, evolve or populations? Explain.
- populations evolve
- Natural selection works on populations, allele frequencies within the populations change
What genotype frequencies are required for a population to be in the Hardy Weinberg equilibrium?
equations: p^2+ 2pq+ q^2= 1
- p+ q=1
p= frequency of the dominant allele: f(A)
q= frequency of the recessive allele: f(a)
What allows bacteria to evolve more rapidly than most eukaryotes?
- Short generation time
- Very large populations
- Reproduce quickly
- Binary fission (asexual reproduction by a separation of the body into two new bodies)
compare allopatric, and sympatric speciation
- allopatric: species is geographically isolated
- sympatric: lacking geographic separation
how can polyploidy result in the formation of a new species?
A mistake in meiosis resulting in a doubling of chromosomes, so it cannot reproduce with the parent species, resulting in a new species.
explain how the reinforcement of reproductive barriers in a hybrid zone result in the formation of a new species.
- they remain in two separate groups
- they cannot interbreed and change too much and become separate species
how old is life on earth? What types of organisms colonized the planet?
- 3.7 billion years old
- prokaryotes
Define detritus. Who are the main detritavores?
- def: leaves, animal remains and other debris
- bacteria, archea, and fungus
In which eukaryotic groups has complex multicellularity evolved independently?
- fungus x2
- Plants
- Animals and green algae
- Red algae
- Brown algae
give an example of a bryophyte, seedless vascular plant, gymnosperm, and
angiosperm
- Bryophyte: liverwort, hornwort and mosses
- Seedless vascular plants: fern
- gymnosperm: conifers (cones)
- Angiosperm: flowering plants
what are some reasons that plants become weak and spindly?
- over/under watering
- Insufficient light
define homeostasis. Which animal systems are involved in homeostasis?
def: maintaining a study state in changing environmental conditions
- endocrine system
- circulatory system
- respiration system
- immune system
- skeletal system
- digestive system
what is the advantage of counter current flow? which systems utilize this?
advantage: exchange takes place along the entire length
- kidney and loop of Henley= urine concentration
- Fish gills
- Thermoregulation (heat in blood)
What is the advantage of a directional respiratory flow? this is utilized by which organisms?
advantage: can extract oxygen during inhalation and exhalation
- Used by birds
in which organs does digestion occur?
- Small intestine
- stomach (mechanical digestion)
- Mouth (chemical, and physical digestion)
What is sexual selection? Give an example.
- One sex choosing a mate of the opposite sex
- female choosing male, competition between males
what is a keystone species? how might the removal affect an ecosystem?
- A species that has a disproportional effect on the ecosystem
- can cause an ecosystem to cease to exist all together
- ex: sea otters were removed and sea urchins grow out of control affecting the rest of the ecosystem in that area.
define primary productivity. What is the difference between GPP & NPP
- def: the rate at which energy is converted to organic substances by plants.
- NPP= net primary productivity(amount available)
- GPP= gross primary productivity (amount made)
- Ra= respiration of autotroph
(NPP = GPP-Ra)
explain what is causing global warming. Give examples of how organisms are adapting to climate change.
- Fossil fuels put CO2 into the air
- Coal, oil, natural gas, and fossil fuels
- Atmosphere is transparent to UV light, some are absorbed and some are transferred back as infrared light
- Main production is humans
Adapt by…
- Hunt at night
- Migrate
- Move the cooler areas
- Flowering earlier
Reduce water loss:
- Thicker cuticles
- CAM and C4 photosynthesis
what is the biological definition of fitness?
The amount of offspring you can produce that are able to survive and reproduce.
what is meant by “alteration of generations”?
The alternation between the haploid and diploid phase of plants
Define natural selection, genetic drift, gene flow, non-random mating, mutation. (Hardy Weinberg equilibrium conditions)
- natural selection: the accumulation of favorable traits within a population that give a reproductive advantage to those individuals.
- Genetic drift: variation in the relative frequency of a small population (chance changes in gene frequencies due to natural disasters)
- gene flow: changes in gene allele frequency due to migration
- Non-random mating: choosing a particular phenotype (based off looks, characteristics, or traits)
- Mutation: change in the neculotide frequencies in DNA
