Final Exam - Review Cards Flashcards
Latitude
Lines stretching the globe from east to west
Longitude
Lines stretching the globe from north to south
Prime Meridian
Zero degrees longitutde
Equator
Zero degrees latitude
Absolute location
Position on the map measured by longitude and latitude
Relative location
Located in relation to another place
Carbon dating
Using carbon 14 atoms to determine the age of bones (up to 50,000 years)
Potassium-argon dating
Using potassium levels in the dirt to determine the age of bones or artifacts
Archeologists
Study prehistoric people
Anthropologists
Study culture
Paleontologists
Study fossils
Australopithecus (including “Lucy”)
walked upright (hominid); had an opposable thumb; found in East Africa
Homo Habilis (“Handy Man”)
increased brain size, better tools/technology
Homo Erectus (“Upright Man”)
first to use fire as a tool, language, and migrate out of Africa
Homo Sapiens (“Wise Man”) - Neanderthals
Early religious rituals, died out around last Ice Age
Homo Sapiens (“Wise Man”) - Early Modern Human
modern human anatomy; migrated throughout the globe; more advanced language and technology; art and religious rituals (including burials)
Paleolithic Age
Old stone age
Neolithic age
New stone age
Nomadic lifestyle
Moving around from place to place
Clans
Large family groups
Neolithic revolution
8000 BCE - Beginning of farming and led to civilizations
Hominids
Any member of the family of the two-legged primates that includes all humans
Cradle lands
Where the first africans resided
Where was Lucy discovered?
Great rift valley in Africa
Where was Jarmo located?
Northern Iraq; grew wheat and was one of the earliest settlements
Where was Jericho and Aleppo located?
Israel and Syria
Catal Huyuk was..
The largest earliest settlement, located in modern Turkey
8 things needed for a group of people to be considered a civilization are..
Citities, Government, Complex Religion, Job Specialization, Social Classes, Arts and Architecture, Public Works, and Writing
Mesopotamia stands for..
The land between two rivers
What two rivers surrounded Ancient Mesopotamia?
Tigris and Euphrates River
What were the two empires of Mesopotamia?
Babylonians and Assyrians
Name, in order, all of the Mesopotamian civilizations
Sumerians, Babylonians (Amorites), Hittites, Assyrians, Neo-Babylonians (Chaldeans), and Phoenicians
Babylon is also referred to as..
The “Gate of God”
Sumerian religion was..
Polytheistic with anthromorphic gods (human-like)
The earliest known writing is..
Cuneiform (wedge-shaped writing)
First written law code was..
Hammurabi’s Code
Babylon’s special markets were called..
Bazaars
Some hittite achievements are..
Chariots, iron weapons, and spread ideas, tools, and language through trade
Assyrians location was..
Easy to attack because it was open land; because of this, they were aggressive and attacked first, and soon became skilled warriors
The assyrians created what types of war machines?
Battle ram, catapults, and used archers
The last great king of the Assyrian empire was..
Ashurbanipal
The assyrans did what to their conquered people?
Spread them throughout the empire so they couldn’t retaliate
The greatest king of the Neo-Babylonian empire was..
Nebuchadnezzar II
What was the Babylonian captivity?
Jews we’re taken captive by Nebuchadnezzar II
The Babylonian captivity ended because of what?
They we’re attacked and overthrown by the Persian empire; they let the Jews return back to their Jerusalem
Phoenicians had what type of religion?
Pantheistic religion: each city had it’s own special deity
Name the city states of Phoenicia
Byblos, Tyre, Sidon and Carthage
Some of the acomplishments of the Phoenicians are..
The “Royal Purple” dye, glass, phoenician alphabet
Mesopotamians built what to honor the gods?
Ziggurats
Mesopotamian afterlife was viewed as..
A terrible place; a “Place of No Return”
Women played what type of role in Mesopotamian civilizations?
Not a huge one; men we’re the head of the house and made most of the important decisions
Who was the founder of Judaism?
Abraham
The ancient home of the Hebrews was..
Canaan
Judaism is what type of religion?
Monotheistic
Judaism viewed who as their god?
A Yahweh
The first five books of the Hebrew bible is called the..
Torah
The Talmud is.
Written record of Jewish oral laws
Why do people think the Hebrews migrated to Egypt?
A drought
How were the Hebrews treated in Egypt?
First they were honored, but then enslaved
Who is Moses?
After a pharaoh ordered all babies to die, Moses survived after being hid in a basket on the Nile
What is “The Exodus”?
The fleeing of Hebrews from Egypt
How did Hebrews flee from Egypt? Who helped them?
Moses helped the Hebrews escape from Egypt by parting the Red Sea
The Exodus is remembered as what holiday every year?
Passover
What are the Ten Commandments?
Two stone tablets that Moses recieved after prayed on Mt. Sinai to God
A covenant is..
An agreement between God and the Hebrew people
Ethical Monotheisim is..
A Hebrew’s promise to stay true to God and follow the 10 commandments
The Hebrews fought with who to gain more land? What was the outcome?
Philistines; only the Judah tribe survived and later identified themselves as Jews and their religion as Judaism
The three kings of Israel were…
Saul, David, and Solomon
King Saul did what?
Drove out the Philistines from Palestine
King David did what?
He was Saul’s son. He united the tribes, became popular among the people, established Jerusalem as the capital and founded a dynasty
Who was the most powerful of the three kings?
King Solomon
What did King Solomon do?
Built the first temple in Jerusalem
What did King Solomon do?
He built the first temple in Jerusalem known as the Great Temple
The temple became the permanent home for..
The Ark of the Covenant
What is one main reason the Kingdom divided?
High taxes and labor was needed for the construction of the temple
The Kingdom split into what two kingdoms?
Kingdom of Judah (South), and Kingdom of Israel (North)
A Diaspora is..
Scattering of Hebrews from their homeland
What are cataracts?
Rapid and dangerous flowing rivers
What were the natural barriers that Egypt had?
Med. Sea (north), cataracts on the Nile (south), Eastern Desert (east), Sahara or Western Desert (west)
Which way does the Nile flow?
North
Does the Nile flood predictably?
Yes
Who was at the top of the Egyptian social hierarchy?
Pharaohs
The Upper Egypt is located in the ___, and Lower Egypt in the ____
South, North
Egyptians had what type of government?
A theocracy
A vizier is..
A chief minister
The Old Kingdom is known as what?
The Pyramid Age
The Pyramids of Giza were built during which kingdom?
The Old Kingdom
Which kingdom experienced the Golden Age?
The Middle Kingdom
What achievements did the Middle Kingdom have?
They expanded, and built large public works projects
Why did the Old Kingdom decline?
Crop failure, power struggles and the cost of the pyramids
Why did the Middle Kingdom decline?
Invaded by the Hyksos and ruled Egypt for 110 years before being overthrown by the Egyptians
The New Kingdom was known for what?
Having strong pharaohs
Who was the woman pharaoh who encouraged trade?
Hatshepsut
Who was the egyptian pharaoh that changed the religion to monotheisim?
Amenhotep (Akhenaton)
What were some achievements of the New Kingdom?
Expansion, treaty with the Hittites, building of Thebes with oblisks and statues
The earliest civilization in China was near which river?
Huang He River (Yellow River)
What was the Yellow River also referred to as? Why?
“River of Sorrows”; deadly floods that wiped out crops
What Natural barriers surrounded China’s early civilizations?
Deserts, the Himalayans, oceans and seas
The Shang dynasty believed in _____ gods.
Many; polytheism
The Shang dynasty used what to communicate with ancestors and spirits?
Oracle bones
Women had what type of status in the Shang dynasty?
High status
The Shang dynasty had what type of cities?
Walled cities
The Zhou dynasty had what type of system that was loyalty in exchange for land?
Feudalism
The Zhou dynasty believed in what? (Hint: This was given to the kings from the gods)
Mandate of Heaven
The cycle that the Zhou dynasty used for their kings and empires was called what?
The dynastic cycle
The government banned what during the Zhou dynasty?
Sacrifices
What were some philosophies that appeared during the Zhou dynasty?
Daoism, Confucianism, Legalism
What is one huge achievement of the Zhou dynasty?
Silk making
What was the Warring States period? When did it happen?
Happened at the end of the Zhou dynasty. Fight for power and power struggles. Daoism, Confucianism, and Legalism were all responses to the struggle
India is a what of South Asia?
A subcontinent
Who had planned cities using a grid system?
The Harrapans
The Great Bath is located where?
Mohenjo-Daro
What was the Vedas?
Sacred spoken literature of the Aryans
Who was at the top of the Caste system? Who was at the bottom?
Brahmins (priests); untouchables
One of the major Aryan kingdoms is called…
The Magadha kingdom
Who was the founder of Confucianism? Where was he born?
Confucius; Liu
The Analects were written by who?
Confucius’ students
Filial Piety was a belief under what belief system?
Confucianism
The “man is essentially good” fell under what belief system?
Confucianism
Who was the founder of Daoism?
Lao Zi
The Dark and Light (Yin-Yang) symbol represents which belief system?
Daoism
Natural order falls under which belief system?
Daoism
The lesser the government, the better falls under which belief system?
Daoism
In the Yin-Yang Symbol, the light side represents what? The dark side represents what?
Masculinity; Feminism
Who was the founder of Legalism?
Han Fei
Legalism became the philosophy of which dynasty?
Qin Dynasty
Law, power and war were the main focus of which philosophy?
Legalism
Moral order in society is which philosophy?
Confucianism
Rule by harsh law and order is which philosophy?
Legalism
Freedom for individuals and less government is which philosophy?
Daoism
The Qin dynasty was the first ____ in China.
Empire
The founder of the Qin dynasty is who?
Shi Huangdi
The Great Wall was an achievement of which dynasty?
Qin Dynasty
Terracotta soldiers were part of which dynasty?
Qin
The Han dynasty had what type of government?
Centralized
Who was the founder of the Han Dynasty? What was interesting about him?
Liu Bang; first peasant to become emperor
Who was another emperor of the Han Dynasty? What was he referred to as?
Wudi, a warrior emperor
What did Wudi accomplish?
Great expansion, known as the best Chinese emperors, expanded into North Korea and Vietnam
What was the Civil Service exam?
An exam that civilians took for a place in the government
The Civil Service exam tested what type of philosophy knowledge?
Confucianism
Who was Wang Mang? What did he do?
A peasant who revolted and became emperor. Tried to help the poor, but ultimately made it worse; he’s remembered as “Robin Hood”
What were some achievements of the Han dynasty?
Astronomy and invention of paper; helped education improve
What is filial piety?
Respect for elders
What is the world’s oldest religion? Where was it founded?
Hinduism; India
Who was the founder of Hinduism?
There is no one founder
Hinduism is seen as what type of religion? Why?
Monotheism. There are many gods, but all are believed to be one in many forms
How does the caste system work?
You are born into your caste (hereditary); it determines your job, and you can only marry people in you caste
What is Karma? Dhama?
Your actions impact you’re future; your duty based on your caste
Samasara is another name for..
The Cycle of Rebirth
What is Moksha?
The goal of hindus; you must reach this to be reincarnated
What is the ultimate goal of Buddhism?
Desire
Who was the founder of Buddhism?
Siddhartha Gautama
Where was Siddhartha Gautama born?
Nepal
Siddhartha Gautama is also called what? He was called this at 35.
“The Enlighted One”
Mandala is called what?
The Wheel of Life
What are the 4 types of Buddhism?
Theravada, Mahayana, Tibetan, and Zen
Where was Theravada Buddhism found?
Southern Asia
Where was Mahayana Buddhism found?
Northern Asia (China, Japan)
Where was Tibetan Buddhism found?
Tibet
The Dalai Llama is part of which of the 4 buddhism?
Tibetan
The Four Noble Truths is part of what religion?
Buddhism
The Eightfold path is part of what religion?
Buddhism
The Eightfold path leads to what?
Nirvana
Who was the founder of the Maurya Empire?
Chandragupta Maurya
Who was Ashoka? What did he do?
Converted to Buddhism and spread it throughout the empire
Who were the two main Gupta Empire rulers?
Chandra Gupta I and II
What were some achievements of the Gupta Empire?
Math, Medicine, Literature, and Astronomy inventions
How did the Gupta Empire decline?
The White Huns invaded; they split into multiple kingdoms
The Achaemenid Empire was ruled by who? He said what?
Cyrus the Achamenid; “wanted to conquer the world”
Who was the ruler of the Achaemend Empire? What did he say he wanted to do?
Cyrus the Achaemenid; “conquer the world”
Cyrus the Great was known as what type of ruler? Why?
Tolerant; he let people keep their own religion; let the Jews return back to their homeland
Who was Darius the Great? What did he do?
Built persepolis, expanded the empire and built a canal in Egypt
What are satrapies?
The districts of an empire
Who built the royal road system?
Darius the Great
What were “the King’s eyes and ears”?
A network of spies created by Darius
Darius divided the empire into how many satrapies?
23
What was persepolis?
Capital of the Achaemenid empire, place for centralized government
What was Xerxes known for?
Great military leader and military expeditions
Who was Zarathrusta?
Founder of Zoroastrainism
The Minoan civilization was located where? What was it’s capital and written language?
Island of Crete; Knossos, Linear A (undeciphered)
What was a possible end to the Minoan civilization?
Volcanic eruption
The Myceneaen civilization had what language? What was something special about them?
Linear B; had city-states with fortified palaces
What was a possible motive for the Trojan war?
Trade war
The Myceneaens we’re the first ____ in Greece?
Greek-speaking people
What happened during the Dark Ages?
They adopted the Phoenician alphabet and brought the Greek language with them
Athens and Sparta are both Poleis. What are poleis?
Independent city-states with their own sub-culture
Sparta had allies known as what?
The Peleponnesian League
Sparta was focused on what the most?
Their military
What government did Sparta have?
Oligarchy; two kings
Athens focused on what?
Having a meaningful life and an impact on the world; civic responsibility
Who was at the bottom of the Athens social structure?
Women
Athens had the first ___ in history.
Democracy
Progresson of Athens government is in what order?
MOAT-D (Monarchy, Oligarchy, Aristocracy, Tyranny, Democracy)
Who was involved in the Persian Wars?
Persia and Greece
What led to the Persian Wars?
Darius wanted to expand; Athens and Sparta refused
Who won the Battle of Marathon? What belief was broken?
Athenians; Myth of Invincibility for the Persians
Who won the battle of Thermopylae? How did they win?
Persians; a traitor (Ephialtes) led the Persians around the pass and had a suprise attacked - burned Athens to the ground
Who won the Battle of Salamis? Why is it important? How did they win?
Athenians; Fake retreat into a narrow passageway - trapped them; largest naval battle in ancient history
Who won the battle of Plataeu? How?
Athenians; Cut off their supplies
What happened at the end of the Persian War?
Creation of the Delian League; led to Peleponnesian war
Who was the ruler during the “Golden Age” of Athens?
Pericles
What did Pericles do?
Citizenship to all males born in Athens, expanded democracy, built the Parthenon
Who fought in the Peleponnesian War?
Athens and Sparta
Who fought in the Peleponnesian War?
Athens and Sparta
Who won in the Peleponnesian War? How?
Sparta; fought them on land and they allied with Persia
Order of the philosophers?
SPA = Socrates, Plato, Aristotle
Who said “the unexamined life is not worth living”?
Socrates
What happened to Socrates?
Sentenced to death for corrupting the youth
Who wrote the Republic?
Plato
Who opened a school called the Lyceum?
Aristotle
Who taught Alexander the Great?
Aristotle
Who taught Plato?
Socrates
Who taught Aristotle?
Plato
Who is Phillip II? What did he do and what happened to him?
Unified the greek city-states and built a strong army; wanted to go to war with Persia but was murdered
What happened to Alexandar and the empire?
Died due to illness; empire split among three people
Who were the three people the Macedonian empire was split upon? Which parts did they get?
Ptolemy (Egypt), Seleucus (Modern Middle East), Antigonus (Greece and Asia Minor)
What was a major achievemnt of Alexander the Great?
Spead a hellenistic culture (mix of egyptian, persian and indian and greek)
Who were Romulus and Remus?
Two boys that we’re treated by a she-wolf; Remus was later killed under Romulus’ order and became king
The Etruscans original homeland was called what?
Etruria
Etruscan government was set up how?
They had 12 independent, fortified city-states
What was the religion of the Etruscans?
Polytheism, predestnation
What was the religion of the Etruscans?
Polytheism, predestnation
The Curiate Assembly was what type of government body?
Representative body
What was the purpose of the Curiate Assembly?
To bestow imperium
When did the Etruscan ruling end?
509 BCE
What was the cause of the first Punic War?
Conflict in sicily and trade routes
What was the cause for the second Punic War?
Carthage wanted revenge
What was the cause for the third Punic War?
No real reason; Rome wanted to make sure Carthage was no longer a threat
Rome added what to a ship? What did it do?
A corvus; turned sea war into a land war
What battle did Carthage win during the Punic Wars? How?
Hannibal launced a suprise attacks with elephants; Battle of Cannae
How did Hannibal die?
Battle of Zama; home was attacked and forced to protect it
Who was at the top of the Roman Social Structure?
Patricians
What were citizens called in the Roman social structure?
Plebeians
What was the most powerful body in the Roman Republic?
The Senate
What were the Twelve Tables?
Roman Laws; innocent until proven guilty
Who were the Graccus Brothers? What did they do?
Tried to help the poor but we’re killed
What was Marius known for?
Being a famous miltary general
What was Sulla known for?
Using the Roman troops against Rome
Who led a slave revolt and had the Romans rely less on slave labor because of it?
Spartacus
Who was part of the first triumverate?
Caesar, Pompey, Crassus
What did Caesar NOT accomplish?
He didn’t become an emperor
Who was part of the second triumverate?
Octavian, Mark Antony, Lepidus
Who became the first emperor of the Roman empire?
Octavian
What was Octavian also referred to as?
Augustus
What was the Pax Romana?
The Golden Age of Rome, lasted about 200 years
What was one issue with the Roman Empire?
No succession of emperors
Who were part of the Julio-Claudian Emperors?
Tiberius, Caligula, Cladius, Nero
Vespasian was the first emperor that was _____.
Not related to Caesar
What was Vespasian’s dynasty called?
Flavian Dynasty
Vespasian was what type of citizen? What did he do?
Not a patrician; built the colosseum
Who was Diocletian? What did he do?
A ruler of the Roman Empire; split the empire into 2 parts to try and save it
What was the Edict of Milan?
Made the persecution of Christians illegal
Constantine ruled which side of the split Roman Empire?
Eastern side; capital was named Constantinople
Who did the Romans fall to?
Germanic tribes
When did the Roman Empire end?
476 AD
Who was Justinian?
An early Byzantine Empire ruler; ruled with absolute power (autocrat)
Why did the Byzantine Empire fall?
Crusades weakened them; eventually fell to the Ottoman Turks
Where did the Vikings originate from?
Scandinavia
What was an achievement that the VIkings are known for?
The long boats
What alphabet did the early Russians create? Who influnced it?
Cyrillic; Byzantine empire
What was the Great Schism?
Split between Christianity; Roman Catholic (West) and Orthodox Church (east)
What was Charlemagne known for?
Being the emperor of the Holy Roman Empire
What was Mecca know for being?
A trade and religious center
Who was the founder of Islam?
Muhammed
The Quran is the holy text of which religion?
Islam
What trade was primarily used in African kingdoms?
Salt and Gold trade
What was used for transportation in Africa?
Camels
Mali controlled what?
Gold and salt trade routes
Who was Mansa Musa? What did he do?
Known as the greatest Mali emperor; converted Mali to Islam and had a famous hajj to Mecca, expanded Mali twice it’s original size
What was Timbuktu known for?
Being an education center
What was the largest West African state?
Songhai
Who were the leaders of the Songhai kingdom?
Sunni Ali and Askia Muhammed
What government did the Aksum government have?
A monarchy
What was Great Zimbabwe known for?
Having great stone buildings
What were the Olmecs known for?
Domesticating corn
What government did the Olmecs probably have?
A theocracy
Which of the three Meso-American civilizations were considered the most advanced?
The Mayas
What religion did the Mayas have?
Polytheism
The Toltecs had a major influence on which Meso-American civilization?
Aztecs
The Olmecs had a major influence on which Meso-American civilization?
Mayas
The Aztecs were focused on what the most?
Military
What was the capital of the Aztec Empire?
Tenochtitlan
The Aztecs performed many ___
Rituals and human sacrificing
The Chavin is known as..
The mother culture of South America
Where were the Incan Empire located?
Andes mountains
What was the capital of the Incan Empire?
Cuzco
The Incans had what that tied the whole empire together?
Extensive road system
What accounting device did the Incans make?
Quipu
What site was discovered, most likely made by the Incans, and is still today a mystery?
Machu Pichu
What brought Europe out of the Dark Ages?
Trade
What is a guild?
An organization of members that do the same job
What group of people threatened the Byzantine Empire?
The Seljuk Turks
Which crusade was the only successful one?
The first one
Who stopped the Vikings by building a wall?
King Alfred the Great
Who fought in the Battle of Hastings? Who won, and what was the outcome?
France and England; William won and became the emperor of England
The Bayeux Tapestry depicts what?
The norman conquest of England, Battle of Hastings, and Harold’s death
Who was forced to sign the Magna Carta?
King John
When was the Magna Carta signed?
1215 AD
Who founded the Capetian Dynasty?
Huge Capet
Name the three most important kings during the French Emprire
King Philip II, King Louis IX, and King Philip IV
