Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

General Psychology 201 > Final Exam Review > Flashcards

Final Exam Review Flashcards

1
Q

What is the Scientific Method?

A

A systematic procedure of observing and measuring phenomena (observable things) to answer questions about what happens, when it happens, what causes it, and why. This process involves a dynamic interaction between theories, hypotheses, and research method

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the purpose of psychology?

A

The study of mind & behavior which depend on processing in the brain.

  • Mind: mental activity (outside ourselves)
  • Behavior: actions that result from sensing and interpreting info (inside ourselves)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is Critical Thinking?

A

Systematically evaluating information to reach conclusions based on the evidence presented
Three steps in thinking critically
1. “What is the claim I am being asked to accept?”
2. “What evidence, if any, is provided to support the claim?”
3. “Given the evidence, to what extent should the claim be accepted or rejected?”

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is Nature?

A

refers to biological/genetic predispositions’ impact on human traits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Nurture?

A

describes the influence of learning and other influences from one’s environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is Cognitive Psychology?

A

the study of how people think, learn, and remember. George Miller & Ulric Neisser.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Humanistic Psychology?

A

investigates how people grow to become happier and more fulfilled & focuses on people’s basic goodness. Developed by Rogers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is Behaviorism Psychology?

A

emphasizes the role of environmental forces in producing behavior. John. B. Watson. (BF. Skinner).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the Gestalt Theory of Psychology?

A

the idea that the world of personal experience is different from simply the sum of its parts. Max Werteimer & Wolfgand Kohler. Developed in opposition to structuralism.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Psychoanalytical Psychology?

A

our thoughts and actions are influenced by unconscious mental factors. Sigmund Freud. Used to help others become more accepting of unconscious.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is Functionalism Psychology?

A

psychology concerned with the adaptive purpose, or function, of mind & behavior. James. Describes how the conscious mind aids adaptations to an environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is Structuralism Psychology?

A

psychology of the mind through introspection. Edward Titchener. The idea that conscious experience can be broken down into underlying parts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is Experimental Psychology?

A

the purpose was to identify the basic parts, or structures of the conscious mind. Wilhelm Wundt.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the nervous system?

A

A network of billions of cells in the brain and the body, responsible for all aspects of what we feel, think and do.
Has 3 basic functions:
1. Receive sensory input from the world through vision, hearing, touch, taste, and smell.
2. Process the info in the brain by paying attention to it, perceiving it and remembering it.
3. Respond to the info by acting on it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How to do measure brain activity?

A

Electroencephalography (EEG) is used to show brain activity in certain psychological states, such as alertness or drowsiness. To prepare for an EEG, electrodes are placed on the face and scalp. After placing each electrode in the right position, the electrical potential of each electrode can be measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the parts of the brain?

A

Occipital: vision (Front)
Parietal: touch, spatial relations (top back)
Temporal: hearing, memory (bottom)
Frontal: complex thoughts, planning, movement (very back)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is Altered Consciousness?

A

The combination of a person’s subjective experience of the external world and the person’s internal mental activity; this combination results from brain activity.
Consciousness varies in terms of one’s level of awareness, and one’s state of awareness. 1. Normal waking state of consciousness; 2. Altered state of consciousness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is a traumatic brain injury?

A

As in the case of “Iron Mike” Webster, concussions affect consciousness because they cause brain damage.
Severe concussions can cause traumatic brain injury (TBI).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Define Corpus Callosum.

A

This area contains the largest bundle of nerve fibers in the brain and connects the two sides (hemispheres) of the brain. The corpus callosum doesn’t just sit there, it is responsible for allowing the two hemispheres to communicate with each other and share information.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is REM sleep?

A

Opposite of narcolepsy.
Those with the disorder act out their dreams while sleeping.
(Sleepwalking)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is sleep apnea?

A

a person stops breathing because the throat closes; the condition results in frequent awakenings during the night.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is Narcolepsy?

A

a person experiences excessive sleepiness during normal waking hours, sometimes going limp and collapsing.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is Insomnia?

A

a disorder characterized by a repeated inability to sleep. Between 12-20% of adults are estimated to have insomnia. More common in women. Cognitive-behavior therapy effective. Changing your habits can be helpful.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the Germinal Period?

A

prenatal development from conception to 2 weeks after conception, when the zygote divides rapidly and implants in the uterine wall.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the Embryonic Period?

A

prenatal development from 3-8 weeks after conception, when the brain, spine, major organs, and bodily structures begin to form in the embryo.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the Fetal Period?

A

prenatal development from 9 weeks after conception until birth, when the brain continues developing, bodily structures refined, and the fetus grows in length and weight and accumulates fat in preparation for birth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Describe a secure child attachment style.

A

distressed when the caregiver leaves. The child is also quickly comforted when the caregiver returns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Describe an avoidant child attachment style.

A

is not distressed when the caregiver leaves. The child also avoids the caregiver when the caregiver returns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Describe an ambivalent child attachment style.

A

is inconsolably upset when the caregiver leaves. The child will also both seek and reject caring contract when the caregiver returns.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Types of development (social, moral, physical, cognitive)

A

Physical: growth of the body and changes in the brain, sensory and motor skills, and levels of hormones.
Cognitive: how our mental processes and abilities to think and communicate change over time.
Socio-emotional: changes in how we understand ourselves, interact with others, and experience and regulate emotions.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Piaget’s Cognitive Development

A

Piaget proposed that we change how we think as we form new schemas, or ways of thinking about how the world works.
Assimilation: the process we use to incorporate new information into existing frameworks for knowledge.
Accommodation: the process we use to create new frameworks for knowledge or drastically alter existing ones to incorporate new information that otherwise would not fit.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What is Sensation?

A

the detection of physical energy emitted or reflected by physical objects. Occurs when energy in the external environment or the body stimulates receptors in the sense organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What is perception?

A

the process by which the brain organizes and interprets sensory information

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What is Gestalt Psychology​​?

A

The founders of Gestalt psychology postulated a series of laws to explain how our brains group the perceived features of a visual scene into organized wholes.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Describe the sense of touch.

A

Penfield discovered that electrical stimulation of the primary somatosensory cortex could evoke the perception of touch in different regions of the body.
For the most sensitive regions of the body, such as the lips and fingers, a great deal of the cortex is dedicated to processing touch

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Ivan Pavlov and Classical Conditioning

A

Pavlov observed that dogs began to salivate as soon as they saw bowls of food
Salivating at the sight of a bowl is not automatic
Behavior acquired through learning by association

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

What is a unconditioned stimulus?

A

a stimulus that naturally elicits a response without any prior learning (food)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is a unconditioned response?

A

a response that does not have to be learned, such as a reflex (salivation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

What is a conditioned response?

A

a stimulus that elicits a response only after learning has taken place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

What is a conditioned response?

A

a response to a conditioned stimulus; a response that has been learned.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What is a Neutral Stimulus?

A

anything not previously associated with the unconditioned response. (bell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Alfred Bandura and Observational Learning

A

Observation of aggression: Bandura’s Bobo doll study (1961)
Group 1: watched film of adult playing quietly with Bobo, an inflatable doll
Group 2: watched film of adults attacking Bobo
The viewers of aggression were more than twice as likely to play aggressively.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

the addition of a stimulus to increase the probability that a behaviour will be repeated. Example: working harder after you receive a pay raise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What is negative reinforcement?

A

the addition of a stimulus to increase the probability that a behaviour will be repeated. Example: working harder after you receive a pay raise

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What is positive punishment?

A

the addition of a stimulus to decrease the probability that a behaviour will recur. Example: receiving a speeding ticket

46
Q

What is negative punishment?

A

the removal of a stimulus to decrease the probability that a behaviour will recur. Example: teenage loss driving privileges for speeding

47
Q

What are the stages of memory storage?

A

During encoding, you take in information from experiences
You hold the information in storage for a period of time
You access the information later through retrieval

48
Q

What is an episodic memory?

A

Memories that include personal experiences

49
Q

What is an explicit memory?

A

Memories that can be verbally describes.

50
Q

What is an procedural memory?

A

Memories that involve motor skills and behavioral habits.

51
Q

What is flashbulb memory?

A

vivid memories which seem like a flash photo, capturing the circumstances in which we first learned of a surprising and consequential or emotionally arousing event.

52
Q

What is intelligence?

A

The ability to use knowledge to reason, make decisions, make sense of events, solve problems, understand complex ideas, learn quickly, and adapt to environmental challenges

53
Q

What are the different types of intelligence?

A 
Naturalist (nature smart)
Musical (sound smart)
Logical-mathematical (number/reasoning smart)
Existential (life smart)
Interpersonal (people smart)
Bodily-kinesthetic (body smart)
Linguistic (word smart)
Intra-personal (self smart) & Spatial (picture smart)
54
Q

What is reliability?

A

Reliability is how consistently a psychometric test produces similar results each time it is used

55
Q

What is validity?

A

Validity is how well a psychometric test measures what it is intended to measure

56
Q

What are thinking shortcuts?

A

Heuristics (also called “mental shortcuts” or “rules of thumb”) are efficient mental processes that help humans solve problems and learn new concepts. These processes make problems less complex by ignoring some of the information that’s coming into the brain, either consciously or unconsciously.

57
Q

What is informal reasoning?

A

Relying on opinions

58
Q

What is formal reasoning?

A

relying on logical and objective methods.

59
Q

What is a need?

A

a state or biological social deficiency

60
Q

What is a drive?

A

a psychological state that, by creating arousal, motivates an organism to engage in a behavior to satisfy a need.

61
Q

What is intrinsic motivation?

A

a desire to perform an activity because of the value or pleasure associated with that activity, rather than for an apparent external goal or purpose.

62
Q

What is extrinsic motivation?

A

a desire to perform an activity to achieve an external goal that activity is directed towards.

63
Q

What is the circumplex model?

A

The circumplex model of emotion was developed by James Russell. This model suggests that emotions are distributed in a two-dimensional circular space, containing arousal and valence dimensions

64
Q

What are expressions of emotions?

A

Examples of emotional expression are facial movements such as smiling or scowling, or behaviors like crying or laughing or angry or sad or happy or thankful. Emotional expressions can occur with or without self-awareness.

65
Q

What is Anorexia nervosa?

A

An eating disorder characterized by excessive fear of becoming fat and therefore restricting energy intake to obtain a significantly low body weight. Fewer than 1 in 100 people meet the clinical criteria of anorexia nervosa.
Anorexia is difficult to treat: Patients cling to the belief that they are overweight or not as thin as they would like to be, even when they are severely emaciated.

66
Q

What is Bulimia nervosa?

A

An eating disorder characterized by dieting, binge eating, and purging.
Approximately 1 to 2 percent of women in high school and college meet the criteria for bulimia nervosa.
Those with anorexia nervosa cannot easily hide their self-starvation, but binge eating tends to occur secretly.

67
Q

What is binge-eating disorder?

A

An eating disorder characterized by binge eating, which causes significant distress.
The American Psychiatric Association officially recognized binge eating as a disorder in 2013.
Binge-eating disorder is more common than bulimia among males and ethnic minorities.

68
Q

What are STD’s?

A

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs): Infections that can be, but are not always, transmitted from one person to the next through sexual contact.

69
Q

What is smoking?

A

Most researchers point to powerful social influences as the leading cause of adolescent smoking.
Adolescents may also be affected by media images of smokers.
Some people appear especially susceptible to nicotine addiction, perhaps because of genetics

70
Q

What is a stressor?

A

An environmental event or stimulus that threatens an organism

71
Q

What is a daily hassle?

A

Everyday irritations that cause small disruptions, the effects of which can add up to a large impact on health

72
Q

What is immune system response?

A

The body’s mechanism for dealing with invading microorganisms, such as allergens, bacteria, and viruses.

73
Q

What is the flight-or-fight response?

A

The physiological preparedness of animals to deal with danger.

74
Q

What is the actor/observer bias?

A

The actor-observer bias is a term in social psychology that refers to a tendency to attribute one’s own actions to external causes, while attributing other people’s behaviors to internal causes

75
Q

What are stereotypes?

A

Mental shortcuts that allow for easy, fast processing of social information​

76
Q

What is the cognitive dissonance?

A

An uncomfortable mental state due to a contradiction between two attitudes or between an attitude and a behavior

77
Q

Describe Milgrams Study.

A

Milgram’s classic experiment on obedience
A recent replication of the study found that 70 percent of the participants were obedient up to the maximum voltage in the experiment.
Ethical considerations
Rethinking Milgram’s research

78
Q

What is the bystander effect?

A

The failure to offer help to people in need
Years of research have indicated four major reasons for bystander effect intervention:
1.Bystanders expect other bystanders to help.
2.People fear making social blunders in ambiguous situations.
3.People are less likely to help when we are anonymous and can remain so.
4.Deciding whether to help involves weighing two factors:
How much personal harm do you risk by helping someone?
What benefits might you have to forgo if we help?

79
Q

What is a collectivist culture?

A

emphasize connections to family, social groups, and ethnic groups, and conformity to societal norms.
Including Japan, Greece, Pakistan, China, and some regions of Africa

80
Q

What is an individualist culture?

A

emphasize rights and freedoms, self-expression, and diversity.
Include northern and western Europe, Australia, Canada, New Zealand, and the United States

81
Q

What are the psycho sexual stages of development?

A

Freud proposed that psychological development in childhood takes place during five psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. … Freud also believed that all tension was due to the build-up of libido (sexual energy) and that all pleasure came from its discharge

82
Q

What is Id?

A

In psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that is completely submerged in the unconscious and operates according to the pleasure principle.
Freud called the force that drives the pleasure principle the libido. Today, the term has a specifically sexual connotation.

83
Q

What is superego?

A

In psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that reflects the internalization of societal and parental standards of conduct
It is a rigid structure of morality, or conscience

84
Q

What is ego?

A

In psychodynamic theory, the component of personality that tries to satisfy the wishes of the id while being responsive to the superego.
The ego operates according to the reality principle, which involves rational thought and problem solving.

85
Q

What is downward/upward comparison?

A

There are two major types of social comparison: upward comparison, when people compare themselves to people who are better than they are, and downward comparison, when people compare themselves to those who are less proficient than they are.

86
Q

What are Nature/Nurture Personality traits?

A

Nature is what we think of as pre-wiring and is influenced by genetic inheritance and other biological factors. Nurture is generally taken as the influence of external factors after conception

87
Q

What is Psychotherapy?

A

Sickness or disorder of the mind.
Drawing the line between “normal” emotions, thoughts, and behaviors and a psychological disorder can be difficult.
When a psychological problem disrupts a person’s life and causes significant distress over a long period, the problem is considered a disorder.

88
Q

What are factors that influence psychotherapy?

A

Peer influence, parenting, neglect, or abuse, affected two specific traits of psychopathy—fearless dominance (FD) and impulsive antisociality (IA).

89
Q

Methods for assessing psychological problems?

A

To fully understand any disorder, psychologists need to investigate it from four perspectives:

  1. Identify the etiology—the factors that contribute to the development of a disorder.
  2. Assess the symptoms.
  3. Group symptoms into meaningful categories to make a diagnosis.
  4. Identify possible treatments.
90
Q

What is comorbidity?

A

Many mental disorders may occur together even though the DSM-5 treats them as separate disorders—for example, depression and anxiety, or depression and substance abuse. This state is known as comorbidity

91
Q

What is the DSM-5?

A

DSM-5 describes 19 major categories of disorder, each of which has several variations or types.

92
Q

What are anxiety related disorders?

A

Anxiety disorders are characterized by excessive anxiety in the absence of true danger.
People who experience anxiety disorders feel anxious, tense, and worried about the future.
By continually arousing the autonomic nervous system, chronic anxiety also causes bodily symptoms such as sweating, dry mouth, rapid pulse, shallow breathing, and increased muscular tension.

93
Q

What are depression related disorders?

A

Depressive disorders are a type of mood disorder featuring persistent and pervasive feelings of sadness.

94
Q

What is Schizophrenia?

A

A psychological disorder characterized by extreme alterations thought, in perceptions, and /or in consciousness, resulting in a break from reality, so the person experiences psychosis.

95
Q

What is Psychotherapy?

A

Treatment for psychological disorders where a therapist works with clients to help them overcome their psychological problems and disorders.

96
Q

Describe psycho-dynamic therapy.

A

treatment for psychological disorders where a therapist works with clients to help them gain insight about how their unconscious processes may be causing inner conflict and impairing daily functioning.

97
Q

Describe humanistic therapy.

A

treatment for psychological disorders where a therapist works with clients to help them develop their full potential for personal growth through greater insight.

98
Q

Describe behavioral therapy.

A

treatment for psychological disorders where a therapist works with clients to replace maladaptive behaviours with adaptive ones.

99
Q

Describe cognitive therapy.

A

treatment for psychological disorders where a therapist works with clients to help them change distorted thought patterns.

100
Q

Describe CBT therapy.

A

treatment for psychological disorders where a therapist incorporates techniques from cognitive therapy and behavioural therapy to correct faulty thinking and maladaptive behaviours.

101
Q

Describe group therapy.

A

provide support while also improving social skills cost-effectively. Often uses an eclectic mix of psychotherapy approaches.

102
Q

Describe family therapy.

A

heal family relationships. Systems approach; often uses an eclectic mix of psychotherapy approaches.

103
Q

What are anti-anxiety drugs?

A

temporarily increase sense of calm. Side effects include drowsiness and addiction.

104
Q

What are antidepressant drugs?

A

increase positive mood; reduce emotionality, impulsiveness, and arousal. Side effects include sexual dysfunction, nausea, nervousness, weight gain, digestive problems.

105
Q

What are mood stabilizer drugs?

A

help even out moods, especially manic episodes. Side effects include blunting of positive affect.

106
Q

What are anti-psychotic drugs?

A

reduce positive symptoms of schizophrenia and disturbed thoughts in mania in bipolar disorders. Side effects include tardive dyskinesia, seizures, lethargy, fatal loss of white blood cells, heart rate problems, weight gain, type 2 diabetes.

107
Q

What are stimulants?

A

decrease hyperactivity, distractibility, increase attention and concentration. Side effects include insomnia, nausea, weight loss, vomiting and nervousness.
Clinical Psychologists,

108
Q

What is a clinical psychologist?

A

5-7 years of graduate school conducting research on psychological disorders and treatment, including 1 year of clinical internship. PhD. employment includes academics, private practice, hospitals, schools, mental health centers, substance abuse programs.
- 4-6 years of graduate school developing clinical skills to treat people with psychological disorders, followed by 1 year of internship. PsyD. employment includes private practice, medical settings, mental health centers, and substance abuse programs.

109
Q

What is a counseling psychologist?

A

3-6 years of graduate school developing clinical skills to treat clients’ adjustments and life stress problems but not psychological disorders. Masters degree or PhD. employment included university student health clinics, mental health centers, private practices, schools, wellness programs, rehab, facilities, business and organization setting.

110
Q

What is a Psychiatrists?

A

4 years of medical school with 3-5 years of additional specialization in residency programs to treat people with psychological disorders and prescribe psychotropic medications. MD. Employment includes hospitals, private practice, mental health centers, academics, substance abuse programs.

General Psychology 201 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions