Final Exam Review

Question 1

True or False: Fathers typically engage in more hands-on parenting and take primary responsibility for children.

Answer 1

False

Mothers tend to engage in more hands-on parenting than do fathers and take primary responsibility for children.

Question 2

True or False: Research shows that spanking is usually more effective than timeouts.

Answer 2

False

Recent research shows that spanking is not usually more effective than timeouts.

Question 3

True or False: Recent research shows that corporeal punishment does not generally have effects on children.

Answer 3

False

Recent research shows that corporeal punishment has generally negative effects.

Question 4

The transition to parenthood is more difficult than the transition to worker or spouse. Which of the following is NOT one of the reasons for this?

A. Parenting is more challenging than work roles or spousal roles.

B. Cultural pressure encourges adults to become parents even though they may not really want to.

C. Most parents approach parentinng with little or no experience in child care.

D. Adjusting to parenthood necessitates changes in the couple’s relationship.

Answer 4

A. Parenting is more challenging than work roles or spousal roles.

The transition to parenthood is more difficult than the transition to worker or spouse because cultural pressure encourages adults to become parents even though they may not really want to, because most parents approach parenting with little or no experience in child care, and because adjusting to parenthood necessitates changes in the couple’s relationship.

Question 5

___________________ parents would agree with the statements “I communicate rules clearly and directly,” “ I consider my child’s wishes and opinions along with my own when making decisions,” and “I expect my child to act independently at an age-appropriate level.”

Answer 5

Authoritative

Authoritative Parenting Style is considered positive parenting. Authoritative parents are warm, fair, and firm. They combine emotional nurturing and support with conscientious parental direction.

Question 6

True or False: Even though Alice Rossi asserts that the transition to parenthood is difficult, a study of low-income black families found that mothers who were more pleased about their pregnancy were less likely to view parenting as burdensome.

Answer 6

True

Even though Alice Rossi asserts that the transition to parenthood is difficult, a study of low-income black families found that mothers who were more pleased about their pregnancy were less likely to view parenting as burdensome.

Question 7

Which type of power refers to the ability of people to exercise their wills over the wills of others?

Answer 7

Social Power

Social Power refers to the ability of people to exercise their wills over the wills of others.

Question 8

Which of the following is NOT one of the bases, or sources, of power discussed in the text?

A. Informational

B. Referent

C. Legitimate

D. Sexual

Answer 8

D. Sexual

Sexual is NOT one of the bases, or sources, of power discussed in the text.

Informational, referent, and legitimate are all bases, or sources, of power discussed in the text.

Question 9

Which of the following is NOT a reason given for why women continue to live with abuse?

A. Love

B. Waiting to take revenge

C. Childhood experiences

D. Gendered socialization

Answer 9

B. Waiting to take revenge

Waiting to take revenge is NOT one of the reasons given for why women continue to live with abuse.

Love, childhood experinces, and generded socialization are all reasons given for why women continue to live with abuse.

Question 10

________________ involves a parent’s often being overly harsh and critical, failing to provide guidance, or being uninterested in a child’s needs.

Answer 10

Emotional child abuse or neglect

Emotional child abuse or neglect involves a parent’s often being overly harsh and critical, failing to provide guidance, or being uninterested in a child’s needs.

Question 11

True or False: Despite changing attitudes among couples and media portrayals of two-earner couples who share housework, women in fact continue to do more of it.

Answer 11

True

Despite changing attitudes among couples and media portrayals of two-earner couples who share housework, women in fact continue to do more of it.

Question 12

Gradually throughout the twentieth century, American society moved from an industrial economic base that manufactured products to a postindustrial configuration that:

A. Transmits information and offers other services

B. Focuses only on profits

C. Emphasizes aerospace industries

D. Is most concerned with global commerce

Answer 12

A. Transmits information and offers other services

Gradually throughout the twentieth century, American society moved from an industrial economic base that manufactured products to a postindustrial configuration that transmits information and offers other services.

Question 13

The ______________ suggest that one spouse’s household labor is a consequence of her or his resources compared to those of the other.

Answer 13

Resource Hypothesis

The resource hypothesis suggest that one’s spouse’s household labor is a consequence of her or his resources compared to those of the other.

Question 14

In the _____________ approach, career-oriented couples hire other people to care for their children.

Answer 14

Market

In the market approach, career-oriented couples hired other people to care for their children.

Question 15

The emotional bonding of family members is referred to as family ___________.

Answer 15

Cohesion

The emotional bonding of family members is referred to as family cohesion.

Question 16

When a person expresses anger at someone but does so indirectly rather than directly, that behavior is called ___________.

Answer 16

Passive-Aggression

When a person expresses anger at someone but does so indirectly rather than directly, that behavior is called passive-aggression.

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT one of the “rules for a successful relationship,” as discussed in the text?

A. Be willing to challenge your partner’s demands and question his/her shortcomings.

B. Share more about yourself with your partner than you do with any other person.

C. Express your love materially.

D. Do not take your relationship for granted.

Answer 17

A. Be willing to challenge your partner’s demands and question his/her shortcomings

“Be willing to challenge your partner’s demands and question his/her shortcomings” is NOT one of the “rules for a successful relationship,” as discussed in the text.

Sharing more about yourself with your partner than you do with any other person, expressing your love materially, and not taking your relationship for granted are all “rules for successful relationships” as discussed in the text.

Question 18

Contempt, criticism, defensiveness, and stonewalling are all examples of what social psychologist John Gottman referred to as the ________________________.

Answer 18

Four Horseman of the Apocalypse.

Contempt, criticism, defensiveness, and stonewalling are all examples of what social psychologist John Gottman referred to as the Four Horseman of the Apocalypse.

Question 19

The text points out that a family member’s injury or illness or a death in the family is a source of family ____________.

Answer 19

Stress

The text points out that a family member’s injury or illness, or a death in the family is a source of family stress.

Question 20

Which of the following is NOT one of the types of stressors examined in the text?

A. Daily family hassles

B. Demoralizing events

C. Conflict over family roles

D. Gradual change

Answer 20

D. Gradual Change

Gradual change is NOT one of the types of stressors examined in the text.

Daily family hassles, demoralizing events, and conflict over family roles ARE all types of stressors examined in the text.

Question 21

The ____________________ focuses on how external factors can result in family crisis.

A. Family Systems Perspective

B. Family Ecology Perspective

C. Family Conflict Perspective

D. Family Externals Perspective

Answer 21

B. Family Ecology Perspective

The Family Ecology Perspective focuses on how external factors can result in family crisis.

Question 22

One model discussed in the text argues that spouses weigh their marital happiness against alternatives to the marriage as well as barriers to divorce. This design is derived from with theoretical perspective?

Answer 22

Exchange Theoretical Perspective

One model discussed in the text argues that spouses weigh their marital happiness against alternatives to the marriage as well as barriers to divorce. This design is derived from the exchange theoretical perspective.

Question 23

True or False: Remaining child-free is associated with a higher likelihood of divorce.

Answer 23

True

Remaining child-free is associated with a higher likelihood of divorce.

Question 24

True or False: Having parents who divorced does not increase the likelihood of divorcing.

Answer 24

False

Having parents who divorced does increase the likelihood of divorcing.

Question 25

Experts agree that adjusting to divorce is easier for children and parents when former spouses _____________.

Answer 25

Cooperate

Experts agree that adjusting to divorce is easier for children and parents when former spouses cooperate.

Question 26

True or False: Perhaps the most significant factor in the comparative instability of remarriages is the presence of stepchildren.

Answer 26

True

The most significant factor in the comparative instability of remarriages is the presence of stepchildren.

Question 27

According to the text, recognizing that homogamy increases the likelihood of marital stability, we might hypothesize that divorced people tended more toward ___________ than nondivorced people the first time around and that they repeat or accentuate this tendenct when they remarry.

Answer 27

Heterogamy

According to the text, recognizing that homogamy increases the likelihood of marital stability, we might hypothesize that divorced people tended more toward heterogamy than nondivorced people the first time around and that they repeat or accentuate this tendency when they remarry.

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT one of the stages in the seven-stage model of family development?

A. Fantasy

B. Fear

C. Action

D. Contact

Answer 28

B. Fear

Fear is NOT one of the stages in the seven-stage model of family development.

Fantasy, Action, and Contact ARE stages in the seven-stage model of family development.

Question 29

True or False: Health costs are rising, but health insurance programs like Medicare and Medicaid are predicted to keep up.

Answer 29

False

Health costs are rising, but health insurance programs like Medicare and Medicaid are NOT predicted to keep up.

Question 30

True or False: As America ages, providing eldercare has become a central feature of American family life.

Answer 30

True

As America ages, providing eldercare has become a central feature of American family life.

Question 31

The text points out that adults’ relationships with their parents can be classified in one of five ways. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A. Sociable

B. Intimate but distant

C. Economic

D. Tight-knit

Answer 31

C. Economic

The text points out that adults’ relationships with their parents can be classified in one of five ways, icluding sociable, intimate but distant, and tight-knit.

Question 32

A(n) _____________ type of intergenerational relations consists of adult children being engaged with their parents on emotional closeness and similarity of opinion, but not based on geographic proximity, frequency of contact, providing assisstance, and receving assistance.

Answer 32

Intimate But Distant

Intimate but distant type of intergenerational relations consists of adult children being engaged with their parents on emotional closeness and similarity of opinions, but not based on geographic proximity, frequenct of contact, providing assistance, and receiving assistance.

Question 33

Define spanking.

Answer 33

Spanking refers to hitting a child with an open hand without causing physical injury.

Question 34

What precentage of the homeless population are children?

Answer 34

25%

Partly as a resuly of changes to welfare laws, approximately 40% of the homeless are mother and children, with children under age 18 making up one quarter of the homeless.

Question 35

Describe seven reasons why the transition to parenthood and assuming the parent role is more difficult than the transition to other adult roles, such as worker or spouse, based on criteria presented by social scientiest Alice Rossi.

Answer 35

Using Rossi’s criteria the transition to parenthood and assuming the parent role is more difficult than the transition to other adult roles, such as worker or spouse, because:

1. Many parents approach child rearing with little experience
2. Parents have less time availible for relaxation and leisure time
3. Babies interrup parent’s sleep
4. Babies interrup parent’s work
5. Babies upset schedules
6. More than in past generations, parents are geographically distant from their own parents and other relatives who might be able to give advice and help
7. New mothers may report feeling disconnected and isolated from their friends

Question 36

Describe the Paradox of Parenting that a new parent typically goes through during the transition to parenthood.

Answer 36

Becoming a new parent typically involves the Paradox of Parenting, when new parents feel overwhelmed, but the motivation to overcome their stress and do their best proceeds from the stressor itself–the child as a source of love, joy, and satisfaction.

Question 37

True or False: For couples, the transition to parenting means more time spent relaxing together and increases in their emotional and sexual relationship.

Answer 37

False

For couples, the transition to parenting means LESS time spent relaxing together and DECLINES in their emotional and sexual relationship.

Question 38

True or False: Studies show that dual income couples in the transition to parenthood found that a mother’s working irregular, evening or night shifts, rather than regularly scheduled day shifts increased her stress and added to the couple’s relationship conflict.

Answer 38

True

Studies show that dual income couples in the transition to parenthood found that a mother’s working irregular, evening or night shifts, rather than regularly scheduled day shifts, increased her stress and added to the couple’s relationship conflict.

Question 39

For couples, the transition to parenting means that employed mothers with established _______________ relationships with husbands may find their role becoming more traditional.

Answer 39

Egalitarian

For couples, the transition to parenting means that employed mothers with established egalitarian relationships with husbands may find their role becoming more traditional.

Question 40

True or False: For couples, the transition to parenting means that couples who have been less focused on the romantic quality of their relationship may find the tansition more difficult.

Answer 40

False

For couples, the transition to parenting means that couples who had been MORE focused on the romantic quality of their relationship may find the transition more difficult.

Question 41

How can the quality of a couple’s relationship prior to parenthood effect their transition into the parenting roles?

Answer 41

If the relationship was high quality prior to parenthood, the transition into the parenting roles will be easier.

Question 42

It is known that many fathers are more involved with parenting than in the past. How does this situation impact the marital satisfaction and the level of the parent’s confidence?

Answer 42

It is know that many fathers are more involved with parenting than in the past. This situation INCREASES the marital satisfaction and INCREASES the level of the parent’s confidence. This makes the transition into parenthood easier.

Question 43

True or False: Along with other factors, the difficulty associated with a new baby results in postpartum depression in about 10% of new mothers.

Answer 43

True

Along with other factors, the difficultly associated with a new baby results in postpartum depression in about 10% of new mothers.

Question 44

True or False: The transition to parenthood can be made easier when the new parents feel supported by family and freinds, and positive adjustment does typically take place.

Answer 44

True

The transition to parenthood can be made easier when the new parents feel supported by family and friends, and positive adjustment does typically take place.

Question 45

True or False: When a new mother’s expectations are met concerning how much support she will recieve from others and/or how much her partner will be involved with the baby, the transition to parenthood is easier.

Answer 45

True

When a new mother’s expectations are met concerning how much support she will recieve from others and/or how much her partner will be involved with the baby, the transition to parenthood is easier.

Question 46

What are the three parenting styles described by Diana Baumrind?

Answer 46

The three parenting styles described by psychologist Diana Baumrind are Authoritarian Parenting Style, Permissive Parenting Style, and Authoritative Parenting Style.

Question 47

Which type of parenting style is characterized by parents who are low on emotional warmth and nurturing?

Answer 47

Authoritarian Parenting Style

The Authoritarian Parenting Style is characterized by parents who are low on emotional warmth and nuturing.

Question 48

Which type of parenting style is characterized by parents who are low on parental direction or control?

Answer 48

Permissive Parenting Style

The permissive parenting style is characterized by parents who are low on parental direction or control.